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The simple answer is H+ ions (hydrogen ions). Because the element hydrogen is made up of a proton an an electron, a positive hydrogen ion is just a proton.

The two theories of acid-base are the 'Arrenhius Theory' and the 'Bronsted-Lowry Theory'. Arrenhius theory says that an acid is a substance which produce hydrogen ions in solution. The Bronsted-Lowry theory says that an acid is a proton donor.

This is a huge topic in physical chemistry and this is just a basic explanation of what an acid is. There are strong acids and weak acids, strong bases and weak bases etc.

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