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Between 1962 and 1973, NASA designed and built 10 spacecraft named Mariner for the purpose of visiting Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time. Mariner 3 was launched on 5 November 1964, but technical problems prevented it reaching Mars. Mariner 4 was launched three weeks later, on 28 November 1964, and flew past Mars on 14 July 1965, 215 million kilometres away from earth and 16,900 kilometres from Mars.

The first close-up photograph of Mars consisted of 8.3 dots per second of varying degrees of darkness. The transmission lasted for 8.5 hours and depicted the regions on Mars known as Cebrenia, Arcadia, and Amazonis. The Mariner 4 also carried instruments for studying cosmic dust, solar plasma, radiation, cosmic rays and magnetic fields.

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15y ago

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