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What else can I help you with?
In A-DNA basepair per turn is?
11
What is base-pairing?
A basepair is a pair of nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands which are connected via hydrogen bonds.
What is relation between Dalton and kilo base pairs?
MW of a double-stranded DNA molecule = (# of base pairs) X (650 daltons/base pair) Average weight of a DNA basepair (sodium salt) = 650 daltons
How many carbons are in dna?
That depends on how big your DNA is. Given that there are 10 carbons each per adenosine, guanosine, and thymidine and 9 carbons per cytidine.... which means there are 20 carbons per A-T basepair, and 19 carbons per G-C basepair... assuming the genome is 50% GC, that would mean an average of 19.5 carbons per base pair. The human genome is roughly 3 billion basepairs long... so I'd estimate in round numbers that there are about 58.5 billion carbon atoms in the genomic DNA of a single human cell.
How can you measure evolution?
Evolution can be measured through genetic analysis, fossil records, and observations of changes in populations over time. Genetic analysis can reveal changes in DNA over generations, while fossil records show physical changes in species. Observations of adaptations and variations in populations can also indicate evolutionary changes.
What are the possible alleles for Alu PV92?
There are no gene involved, so the alleles can't be dominant nor recessive as we usually see it. The PV92 refers to the specific locus on the human genome in which you can either have or not have a 300 basepair (bp) long insertion (referred to as Alu or Alu-sequence or Alu-insert). So we are simply looking for if the insert is there (+) or not (-). Therefore the alleles are named "+" and "-". The genotypes can be homozygous +/+ or -/- or heterozygous +/- (or -/+). Remember that the locus PV92 located on chromosome # 16 is a non-coding area of the genome, whereas the above genotypes gives no phenotypic difference. Hence we can't talk about any dominant/recessive characteristics.
Can mRNA be a double strand?
In a strict sense no. mRNA always consists of a single RNA strand. In another sense, yes. Nuclei acids are inherently unstable in a single stranded state - the nitrogenous bases will spontaneously basepair with any nucleotides they encounter. As a result, most RNAs will spontaneously fold back on themselves, the single RNA strand basepairing with other regions of itself. That said, because the sequence will never be perfectly complementary, it's unlikely that much of the mRNA will be double stranded, but it will probably have a few segments with a double stranded character.
What is mutation and how many types of mutaion are there?
A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence. This list probably isn't exhaustive, but the types I can think of are: point (one basepair is changed into another) deletion (one or more basepairs is removed) insertion (one or more basepairs is added to the DNA sequence) translocation (a segment of DNA is moved from one region to another) duplication (a region of DNA is... well duplicated... some regions of DNA, particularly repetitive regions are often subject to extensive expansion) If you want to get really technical there are lots of subtypes and terminology used to describe mutations. A point mutation could also be termed a lot of other things, particularly if it is in a stretch of coding DNA (silent, missense, and nonsense mutations) and can be further subdivided by whether it's a change between a purine and a purine (transition mutation), a pyrimidine and pyrimidine (also a transition mutation), or a purine and a pyrimidine (transversion mutation).
Is RNA found in a double stranded state in the cyoplasm?
It depends what you mean by double stranded. If you mean two separate RNA strands, perfectly complementary to one another and existing as a basepaired structure in the cytoplasm, then no. Double stranded RNA like that only occurs in some types of viruses (and cells infected by them... so I guess the cytoplasm of a cell infected by a double stranded virus might have a lot of this kind of double stranded RNA). However, if you mean double stranded in the sense of a single RNA molecule folding back on itself and basepairing with itself - forming stem loops and more complicated structures - that kind of RNA double-strandedness is extremely common. All tRNA's and rRNA's for example exhibit this kind of double-strandedness. Nucleic acids are unstable in single stranded states and will spontaneously fold back on themselves if there is no other strand to basepair with. Nucleic acids are inherently unstable in a single stranded state. Thus,
How are open reading frames identified in a genome?
Open reading frames in a genome are identified by looking for sequences that start with a start codon (usually ATG) and end with a stop codon (TAA, TAG, or TGA), while also being a multiple of three nucleotides in length. Software tools are commonly used to predict and analyze potential open reading frames in DNA sequences.
What is the relationship between a transgenic organism and recombinant DNA?
a transgene is a gene that is not native to an organism (eg. it is a gene that is transferred from one organism to another)recombinant DNA is DNA that has essentially been combined with other, different DNA. DNA is double-stranded (the two strands are held together by basepair complementation). during recombination, the strands break apart, thus allowing another strand to bind with either of the original strands:original strandsDNA you want to insert into the organism (aka. a transgene) ]]you break apart the original strands | |and you add your strands |] |]now you have recombinant DNA, which is what a transgene will be when it has been integrated into an organism. it will (hopefully) be expressed correctly.(it's sliiightly more complicated than this haha, and the transgene can integrate (recombine) in numerous ways... but that's a solid foundational understanding of the process)hope this helps!NT
What are the major laws in evolution?
Answer 1As there is only one law of evolution, which is the natural " Law of evolution". All others are false. The Law of evolution is the naural changes in all things through better eating, living conditions, better health care and so on. The "Law of evolution" has been going on since our first parents. The "Theory of evolution" is according to mans own ides.Answer 2There are a number of "laws of evolution", although I could not tell you whether they are "major" or not. A few examples:- The law of genetic divergence of reproductively isolated populations. This states that, when the entirety of the population gene pool is assayed, one will observe divergence between reproductively separated populations. More often than not, such genetic divergence may be associated with morphological and behavioural divergence.- Evolution is irreversible. On the level of the population gene pool, this means that genetic divergence between separated populations will only increase, never decrease. On the level of the single lineage, this means that one should not expect to see a reversal of a feature to an earlier state on the genetic level: the chances are massively against such an occurrence, and decrease with every offset basepair. Note that this law specifies divergence on the genetic level: even diverging genetics may still produce convergent phenotypes.See the YouTube video linked below for a more indepth treatise on some of the laws of evolution.
