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The Great Lakes is an example of a geographic barrier, isolating populations from each other. Populations can become separated (isolated) from one another, as one group expands northward of the lakes and another expands southward of the lakes.

Mountain ranges are geographic barriers that isolate populations from one another, in much the same way as the great lakes.

Oceans geographically isolate land masses, and their respective populations, from one another. This includes islands as well as continents. Examples: the Galapagos Islands, Madagascar, and Australia.

*Geographic isolation is the chief mechanism of allopatric speciation, considered by some to be a theory.

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