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A controlled experiment is one where two similar experiments are run in parallel, differing only in the specific intervention.

A perfect controlled experiment is one where the experimenter does not know which arm is which, so is looking honestly for the outcome rather than looking for confirmation of an expected outcome. This is called blinding.

In medicine, a double-blinded experiment is one where both the experimenter and the subjects are unaware of which arm they are in.

Blinding is important where judgment of the outcome is subjective. An experiment on a pain drug will be highly sujective so blinding is vital; an experiment on an antibiotic may not need blinding as the results could be established by serum counts.

The main function of a controlled experiment is to isolate other variables in complex systems. The most familiar kind is the standard drug trial, where a drug is compared, double-blinded, in a population which is randomised between the intervention and control arms - this is known as a randomised double-blinded controlled trial, and is required for drug approvals.

The control arm may be a placebo (an inert pill), or it maybe the existing treatment. Sometimes multi-arm trials are conducted: new treatment versus current treatment and placebo.

The book "Bad Science" by Ben Goldacre has an excellent overview of controlled trials ad their strengths and weaknesses.

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