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Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine Adenine and Thymine go together and Guanine and Cytosine got together on the DNA stand
Nucleic acids are linear polymers of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a nucleobase, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group . The substructure consisting of a nucleobase plus sugar is termed a nucleoside.
Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides - DNA contains 2'-deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose, where the only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group.
The nucleobases found in the two nucleic acid types are also different: adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) are found in both RNA and DNA, while thymine (T) occurs in DNA and uracil (U) occurs in RNA.
The nucleobases are classified into two families on the ground of the type of heterocyclic compounds they contain, that is what kind of aromatic rings where one or more carbon is substituted by other atoms.
In particular the purines (A and G) present a structure containing connected five- and six-membered heterocyclic compounds, while the pyrimidines, C, T and U) presents only a six membered ring.
The double strand typical of DNA and of many zones of the secondary and tertiary structure of RNA is based on coupling between complementary nucleobases: in particular the couples A-T and C-G are resent in DNA, while A-U is present in RNA instead of A-T.
Non-standard nucleosides are also found in both RNA and DNA and usually arise from modification of the standard nucleosides. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain a particularly large number of modified nucleosides.
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Explain the components of DNA and explain its functional relationship to RNA and protein?
DNA or Deoxyhydro-Neucleic Acid is composed of base pairs, nitrogen and phosphates. The nitrogen and phosphates form the backbone of the DNA structure and take the shape of a double helix with the base pairs on the inside and the backbone on the outside. Thus, a molecule of DNA is actually two separate chains interwoven. The base pairs contain the information and most of the time are protected on the inside of the helix. There are four base pairs, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine (represented by the letters A, T, C, and G) A bonds with T, C bonds with G via hydrogen bonding. A cannot bond to either C or G. This is a major function of the structure of DNA in protecting the information it contains. Should a base pair be incorrectly placed, the molecule will not fold up correctly, and an enzyme will likely find the problem and insert the correct base pair. This base pair bonding makes duplicating the molecule quite easy. The DNA helix unwinds, leaving two separate strands. The base pair sequences on these two strands are complementary to each other. Where there is a C on the first chain, there will be a G on the other. So to copy the molecule, complementary base pairs can be inserted onto the open chain and a back bone bonded to the new base pairs and the resultant will be two identical helices of DNA. A similar mechanism is employed in DNAs transcription To RNA. To be read, the DNA molecule unwinds, leaving two complementary chains. The chain that contains the information starts with a certain sequence which labels it as the one containing useful information. RNA base pairs are inserted onto the DNA chain in the same manner as DNA base pairs would be to copy the molecule with a few exceptions. There is no RNA base pair for thymine, instead the base pair Uracil is used. Uracil is complementary to Adenine. The backbone is also subtly different, though its immaterial to the transcription process. Once completed, this molecule of messenger RNA is complementary to the molecule of DNA, whose information it now encodes. The messenger RNA is what the protein is constructed off of. Transcription enzymes are used for such purpose and have a triplet of base pairs on one end and a amino acid on the other. The triplet of base pairs lines up with a triplet on the messenger RNA and one by one a chain of amino acids is put together. once the transcription enzymes get to the end of the messenger RNA molecule, the protein folds up.
What pairs with adenine during DNA replication?
DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the exposed base pairs according to base-pairing rules.
What does a thymine do?
Thymine is an nitrogen base in our DNA. Thymine pairs up with the other nitrogen base Adenine. This creates one base pair. Thymine and the other base does not have a function. It is the combinations of bases that encode genetic information. The other bases pairs are Guanine and Cytosine and these two nitrogen bases are also one base pair. Thymine and Adenine are always paired up and shown as AT or TA. Similar to Guanine and Cytosine, they are always paired up and shown as CG or GC . If these base pairs shows up as AG or TC for example, then it'll be a mutation.
What forms a base pair with thymine?
Adenine pairs with thymine.
What is the molecular shape of a water molecule and why?
Around the Oxygen atom in the water molecule are pieces: 2 hydrogen atoms and 2 pairs of extra valence electrons. Each piece repels each other piece, so they try to get as far away from each other as possible. The resulting geometry is called a tetrahedron (picture a 4-sided pyramid with a triangular base) with the oxygen at the center. When we draw the water molecule, usually we don't draw the 2 pairs of valence electrons, so the molecule looks like a V. note: because of the differing repulsive forces between a pair of valence electrons and a hydrogen atom, the actual geometry is not a perfect tetrahedron (central angle 109.47°), but very close (H2O central angle is 104.45°).
What base always base pairs with guanine?
In a DNA molecule cytosine always pairs with guanine, the same is true for an RNA molecule.
What are the complentary base pairs found in a DNA molecule?
The complementary base pairs in a DNA molecule are adenine (A) pairing with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairing with guanine (G). This forms the basis of the double helix structure of DNA.
Number of phosphates in DNA molecule with five base pairs?
A DNA molecule with five base pairs would have 5 phosphate groups in its backbone. Each nucleotide in the DNA molecule contains one phosphate group, so a DNA molecule with five base pairs would have a total of 5 phosphate groups in its structure.
What are the base pairs that are found in DNA?
The base pairs found in DNA are adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine.
In a DNA molecule what base sequence is complementary to the sequence CGAC?
The base sequence complementary to CGAC in a DNA molecule is GCTG. In DNA, cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G), and adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), so you would replace each base with its complementary counterpart. Therefore, C pairs with G, G pairs with C, A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
What are the nitrogen base pairs in the DNA molecule?
A with T and G with C .
What is the normal pairing of nitrogen bases found in a DNA molecule?
In DNA, the nitrogen base adenine (A) pairs with the nitrogen base thymine (T), and the nitrogen base cytosine (C) pairs with the nitrogen base guanine (G). So the base pairs are A:T and C:G. One way to remember is that A:T spells the word "at."
What nitrogen base is found in RNA that pairs with adenine in DNA?
Uracil is the nitrogen base found in RNA that pairs with adenine in DNA.
Is DNA always six base pairs long?
No, DNA is not always six base pairs long. The length of DNA can vary and is determined by the number of nucleotide base pairs present in the DNA molecule. The human genome, for example, consists of about 3 billion base pairs.
What is the base pairing rule in DNA?
Adenine pairs with thymine Guanine pairs with cytosine.
How many base pairs are typically found in a gene?
A gene typically contains thousands to millions of base pairs.
What is the shape of DNA molecule and how do base pairs fit into the shape?
The DNA molecule has a double helix shape, resembling a twisted ladder. The two strands of the helix are composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone, while the rungs of the ladder consist of complementary base pairs: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. These base pairs fit snugly in the center of the helix, held together by hydrogen bonds, which stabilize the structure and allow for the encoding of genetic information.
