You need to get married to a Canadian citizen or apply for a Canadian Visa to get the citizenship of Canada.
you can apply for residency, if you wish, then go through the proper channels for Citizenship, if your child is born in Canada, then your child is automatically Canadian.
No, you must be born in Canada yourself to be a Canadian or apply for citizenship through the ususal channels if you were born in another country.
Americans can live in Canada if they apply for permanent residence. They do not, however, need to "give up" their citizenship and may apply for a dual citizenship. They will have both a Canadian and their American citizenships.
You can apply for health insurance in Canada by applying for citizenship in Canada, because health insurance in Canada is delivered through a publicly funded system similar to the NHS in the UK.
People who served in the French army can apply for French citizenship if they fought for France. Starting from that, your father has first to obtain French citizenship (even if dual with a another nationality). Once that done, you can apply for French nationality (expect that to be slow and uneasy)
Yes, you can apply for German citizenship and be a dual citizen regardless of the fact if your mother was still a German citizen or not.
Yes. Anyone from any nationality can apply for citizenship. Some exections are countries at war like Afghanistan though with the proper paperwork and cqualifications anyone can join. The same rules apply for Canada.
No. If your baby is born outside of Canada you need to apply for them to have Canadian citizenship. A child's citizenship is automatically determined based on where they are born.
No. Not even marriage to the father grants gives you citizenship. You have to apply for naturalization.
A passport does not constitute eligibility for citizenship in Britain. You must apply for a visa and apply for citizenship.
Contact the nearest US consulate, go there and register your child's birth. The certificate they will give you will act as citizenship certificate. Then apply for your child's passport so that s/he can travel to the US with you too.