A main clause should contain a subject and a predicate, expressing a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence and does not depend on any other clause for its meaning. The subject typically refers to the person or thing performing the action, while the predicate includes the verb and any additional information about the action or state of being.
Subject and predicate/verb.
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A subordinating adverb phrase or clause that comes before the main clause should be followed by a comma. This helps to indicate the relationship between the subordinate and main clauses. For example: "Before the concert, she practiced her guitar."
An alternative term for a main clause is an independent clause.
Subject and predicate/verb.
The sentence "When I was six I learned how to swim" does not contain a noun clause. Instead, "When I was six" is a subordinate adverbial clause that provides context for the main clause "I learned how to swim." A noun clause typically functions as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence, which is not the case here.
An independent clause contains a subject and a verb. It need contain nothing else, though it may. If the verb is impersonal, it need not even contain a subject. 'It is snowing' is an independent clause consisting of a three-word impersonal verb formation and nothing else.
Yes, you should use a comma after the word "that" when it introduces a dependent clause in a sentence. This helps clarify the relationship between the main clause and the dependent clause.
A main clause = it is independent, i.e. it does not depend on any other sentence. A subordinate clause = a sentence depending on/subordinated to a another sentence, either a main clause or another subordinate clause. (you ask the main clause a question and you answer with the subordinate). e.g. "Can you tell me/ (the main clause) when the book was written?" ( the subordinate clause = a Direct Object). or "This is the book/ that I told you about". (the second clause is an Attributive or a Relative Clause). or If she had know this, / she wouldn't have trusted him." (the first sentence is an If Clause or a Conditional).
Conjunction
main clause; subordinate clause