History, Politics & Society

According to my U.S. history book, President Kennedy initially approached civil rights policies cautiously.

A "hot line" was installed between Moscow and Washington, D.C.
to improve communication

He didn't order it, it was erected by the East German Government (known as the German Democratic Republic, or GDR) in 1961 to prevent mass defections and migrations from East Berlin to the West.

It had the approval of the USSR, but Moscow didn't actively order it's construction- at least, not as far as we know (Kruschev may have secretly put pressure on the East German Government to build it).

The reason given by the East Germans was that it was to protect 'fascist elements' from undermining the Communist state, but this was at best only partly true- the East German Government may well, indeed, have been worried about Western spies and infiltrators crossing over and whipping up an anti-Communist uprising such as happened in Hungary in 1956, but it was also meant to keep potential defectors IN and stop them from getting across to West Berlin.

The wall cut off West Berlin from it's Eastern half and also from surrounding East Germany- it actually consisted of two parts, a Western and an Eastern wall with a corridor of land about 100ft wide between them. This became known as the 'Death Strip' in the West and contained trenches, anti-vehicle traps, and watchtowers at various intervals, with the guards ordered to shoot on sight anybody seen in the strip unless they had official permission to be there.

It also contained a few ruined buildings that were damaged by Allied bombing in WW2 and had never been restored. The wall remained standing until Germany was officially reunified in 1990, when wholescale demolition work of it began. This wasn't completed until two years later, although several sections of the wall remain standing as historic monuments, including three quite long stretches of several hundred feet. Some of the watchtowers and checkpoint buildings also remain, and have been turned into museums or converted to peaceful use.

After meeting Khruschev at the 1961 conference, Kennedy asked Congress to increase military spending and sent troops to West Berlin.

by helping artists and scholars throughthe national endowment for the arts and humanities

Unequal compensation for the same work, paid to different individuals based on their gender (which was almost exclusively lower pay for women).

discrimination against women

level the pay received by men and women

to successfully land on the moon before the soviets

Because he did like the way treated African American soldiers

Lyndon B. Johnson

The United States saw that Ngo Dinh Diem was alienating SouthVietnamese citizens.