Biology

Both use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide

Genus and species.

The classification method that is presently used by scientists was developed by Carolus Linnaeus, in the 1700's. During his lifetime, Linnaeus collected around 40,000 specimens of plants, animals, and shells.

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fertilization

The process of adding foreign DNA to a bacterial cell is called Bacterial Transformation. It is a technique used very frequently in molecular biology labs.Ê

Just off Iceland in 1963, a brand new island formed, Surtsey, and the arrival of new life on this volcanic land has been well documented.

On the more general front, when a new population arrives on a land, then the main source of genetic information is restricted to those few individuals.

So the arrival of new varieties or the development of a new species is a normal circumstance.

Had those same individuals arrived on a land where many of their species already existed, then their diversity, if any, would be swamped by the existing population.

Indeed, if the new arrivals were different from the existing population, then they may well be shunned or isolated.

Once these populations adapt to the environment, however, speciation rapidly occurs.

biogeography

global cooling 2.8 million years ago resulted in dry grasslands replacing wet forests in parts of Africa.

Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes.

macroevolution