A: A style of early polyphony.
Machaut
The shape of most churches provides the necessary space for two or more choirs.
Recorder
Aria
antiphonal psalmody
Beethoven is considered a composer of the "Romantic" era.
Correctly speaking, Beethoven provided the transition from Classical to Romantic. His earlier music was less complex, and melodic in the traditional Classical style, whilst later compositions were more emotional and intense.
He might also be considered a "bridge" composer to the Romantic era.
Aumentando
Minimalist composers use repeating rhythms and harmonies that change gradually.
True
You are correct. This technique was used more commonly in the baroque era, employing the concept of terraced dynamics. The difference is often one instrument per part versus a full section.
Organist
The term is "ternary," which means there are three sections in a piece. The 1st and 3rd are often similar, if not the same, with a contrasting middle section.
With the meetings of Florentine Camerata
It is a style of 19th century opera with rustic characters and a melodramtic plot.