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☆☆☆☆☆The Supreme Court prohibited racial gerrymandering in 1993, holding that the practice violated the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.
New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325 (1985) was a case appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1984, involving the search of a high school student for contraband after she was caught smoking.
VERY briefly: Girl caught smoking at school - vice-principal searches purse to take possession of the cigarette pack - finds drug paraphernalia in plain view in the purse - leading to the reasonable belief that her locker might contain drugs - school administrators search her locker and find drugs - school administrators call police who arrest her.
Supreme Court upheld the arrest and subsequent conviction. The laws of search and seizure do not apply to civilians, and law enforcement did not enter the picture until AFTER the school personnel, acting in good faith, had already found the contraband leading to her arrest and conviction.
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intermediate scrutiny
Limits to free speech were constitutional during national emergencies.
as a child, she testified in a court case that helped end school segregation
Standards and tests for APEX
A student wearing all black to call attention to a political issue. (APEX Class ;)
separate treatment based on race is inherently unequal
the equal protection clause
the idea that the equal protection clause applied to the federal government as well as to the states
court clerks refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples
raising money by staging a reading of the play 8, which supports same-sex marriage.
they helped with expanded civil rights for marginalized groups
they are examples of grassroots activism
they were led by activists at the community level
The Bill of Rights is the 10 amendments to the constitution. It is the only Bill of Rights.
implied right to privacy. APEX
They show that the court has enforced equal rights for a variety of groups that have been discriminated agains.
The Court has moved in the direction of fewer limitations on free speech.- Apex
