Biology

Both use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide

when environment conditions are stable

The process of adding foreign DNA to a bacterial cell is called Bacterial Transformation. It is a technique used very frequently in molecular biology labs.Ê

Just off Iceland in 1963, a brand new island formed, Surtsey, and the arrival of new life on this volcanic land has been well documented.

On the more general front, when a new population arrives on a land, then the main source of genetic information is restricted to those few individuals.

So the arrival of new varieties or the development of a new species is a normal circumstance.

Had those same individuals arrived on a land where many of their species already existed, then their diversity, if any, would be swamped by the existing population.

Indeed, if the new arrivals were different from the existing population, then they may well be shunned or isolated.

Once these populations adapt to the environment, however, speciation rapidly occurs.

biogeography

Gene flow

2 separate species.

global cooling 2.8 million years ago resulted in dry grasslands replacing wet forests in parts of Africa.

when there are no living members of a species the species is said to be "extinct".

A scientist uses artificial selection to produce a new type of a cow, compared to their parents. The new cows are referred to as hybrids.

Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes.

macroevolution