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Circadian rhythms are regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain, located in the hypothalamus. The SCN receives input from light-sensitive cells in the retina, helping to synchronize internal body clocks with the external environment.
Because they can be used to obtain or get an output (on a series connected resistance with them) for a specific frequency of the input signal. This is the ideal case, but in fact, the resonance circuit passes a band (not a single frequency) of input signals' frequencies to take them at the output terminal. They are also termed as ( filters or filtering circuits ). They are called selective as they function as if they select signals of specific frequencies to be passed to the output.
It depends on the shunt feedback resistor on the op-amp, for example with a 10k feedback resistor connecting the output to the inverting input, 1 mA input current gives 10 volts signal output. The input terminal stays near zero voltage because of the high open-loop gain of the op-amp, so the inverting input is termed a 'virtual earth'.
An SMPS is a switched-mode power supply. It is used to convert an unregulated power input into a regulated power output, often altering the voltage. In a modern computer, several components may be powered from the same power supply but will often require different regulated voltages. The SMPS fulfils this role.
Cardiac muscle is considered autorhythmic, meaning it has the ability to generate its own electrical impulses without the need for external stimulation. This property allows the heart to beat independently of nerve input.
Since its input impedance is much higher than its output impedance it is also termed a "BUFFER" for this reason it is also used in digital circuits with basic gates...
Skeletal muscle is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control, with motor neurons from the somatic nervous system providing the neural input for their activation. Autonomic nervous system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
The organ system work together as the nervous system recieves sensory input from internal and external sensory reports and directs the musculoskeleton system and gland to response the outside stimuli.
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Myogenic muscle contractions are initiated by the muscle cells themselves without external neural stimulation, such as in the heart muscle. Neurogenic muscle contractions require neural input to initiate and control muscle activity, such as in skeletal muscles controlled by the somatic nervous system.
A DC to DC converter is a type of switching regulated powersupply whose input is a DC voltage, it then switches that rapidly to make AC, which is applied to the primary of a transformer, the transformer then either steps up or down the voltage as desired, the AC from the secondary is then rectified and filtered to provide the output DC voltage. Regulation circuitry measures the output DC voltage, continuously adjusting the switching circuits on the input to keep the output constant.Most switching regulated powersupplies are DC to DC converters with a simple unregulated rectifier and filter to convert the input AC to DC. Usually it is called a powersupply when it provides more than one output DC voltage or if its input is AC; whereas it is called a converter only if it provides just one output DC voltage and its input is DC. But most of the circuitry is the same in both cases.
when the production process requires the use of indivisible input, the average cost of production increases as output decreases. This is because the cost of the indivisible input will be be spread over a smaller quantity output. so to gain maximum returns,the output quantity must be regulated such that the quantity of indivisible input will more or less all be used up to manufacture that amount of output. cheers, mishaal