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Serological testing is based on the fact that antibodies react specifically with an anigen all bacteria have the same antigens or the human body makes antibodies against bacteria?
AnswerThe human body makes specific antibodies to specific antigens (ex. proteins on a bacterial membrane) that it encounters. Bacteria do not all have the same antigens.* antibodies react specifically with an antigen
What is h and o antigens?
H antigens correspond to the antigenic type of the bacterial flagellaO antigens correspond to the antigenic type of the Lipopolysaccharide layer on the outer membrane of gram negative bacteriabacteria all have different antigenic types on their surface which react to different types of antibodies and are classified using this method. For example the pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 has the designation 157 for its O antigen meaning it will not react with antibodies with a different serotype.
To what do antibodies respond?
Antibodies are secreted by a special group of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Each type of cell (including bacteria) has a unique protein on its cell membrane - an antigen. If a lymphocyte does not recognise a particular antigen, it will assume that the cell (or bacterium) is foreign and hostile. This is what antibodies respond to - the stimulus as the result of an unfamiliar cell. The antibodies attach to the antigens and kill the cell, or bacterium.
How do antibodies kill the red blood cells?
Antibodies can lead to the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) through a process known as opsonization and complement activation. When antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of RBCs, they mark these cells for destruction. This binding can activate the complement system, leading to the formation of membrane attack complexes that create pores in the RBC membrane, causing lysis. Additionally, phagocytic cells, like macrophages, can recognize and engulf the antibody-coated RBCs, ultimately leading to their removal from circulation.
What is the name of the substance that coats B cells providing them with the ability to recognize foreign protein?
The substance that coats B cells, enabling them to recognize foreign proteins, is called immunoglobulin, or antibodies. These antibodies are membrane-bound forms of immunoglobulin that serve as B cell receptors (BCRs). They specifically bind to antigens, which are foreign proteins, facilitating the immune response.
What is the name of a surface membrane molecule that causes an immune reaction?
Antigens are surface membrane molecules that cause an immune reaction.
Can an antibody penetrate the host cell to bind intracellular antigen?
The majority of antibodies bind secreted or membrane bound antigens and do not penetrate cells. Antibodies can be taken up into cells via endocytosis. However, a subset of autoantibodies isolated from autoimmune diseases in humans and mouse models are able to penetrate cells and bind to their antigen in the cytoplasm or nucleus (e.g. anti-DNA autoantibodies).
How a T cell and B cell work together to produce antibodies?
T cells will first have to be activated by peptide presentation on MHC class II and differentiate into T helper 2 cell and T helper 2 cell will secrete cytokines IL-4, IL-5 to help B cell differentiate into a plasma cell.
Where are the antigens of the ABO blood group are located?
The antigens of the ABO blood group are located on the surface of red blood cells. These antigens determine a person's blood type (A, B, AB, O) based on the presence or absence of specific sugars on the red blood cell membrane.
Where are the blood antigens A B Rh located?
Blood antigens A and B are located on the surface of red blood cells, while the Rh antigen (Rh factor) is also found on the surface of red blood cells. These antigens determine an individual's blood type.
The antigens of the ABO blood group are located in the?
The ABO blood group antigens are located on the surface of red blood cells. These antigens determine an individual's blood type (A, B, AB, or O) and are inherited from their parents. The presence or absence of A and B antigens determines a person's blood type.
What are the differences between Bcell receptors and Tcell receptors?
there are different types of b cell and t cell. both are lymphocytes, a subclass of white blood cell. the t cells are mainly used in identifying antigens and releasing chemicals which attact macrophages (big immune cells which 'eat' antigens), to destroy the antigen. b cells are used in the production of antibodies. when they encounter a new antigen, plasma cells and memory cells are formed from the division of a b cell. the memory cell remembers the antigen and which antibody to use, while the plasma cell makes the antibodies to fight a particular antigen or class of antigens
