Antibodies bind the antigen, which then targets the antigen for elimination by innate mechanisms
neutralization of the antigen, agglutination or precipitation, and complement activation.
Not including the antigen will prevent the primary antibody from binding to it which will disrupt the results of the ELISA. Not including the primary antibody will prevent the secondary antibody from binding it, which will again negatively affect the results of the ELISA. All components are necessary to get an accurate ELISA.
The binding of antigen and antibody may result in the formation of immune complexes, which can activate complement system leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Additionally, it can also lead to neutralization or opsonization of the antigen, facilitating its clearance by immune cells.
When an antigen and antibody react it causes cells to clump together. The term used to describe the clumping of cells is called agglutination.
The complement fixation test (CFT) is based on the principle that if a specific antibody is present in a serum sample, it will bind to its corresponding antigen, leading to the activation of the complement system. If the complement is fixed (activated) by the antibody-antigen complex, it will not be available to lyse indicator red blood cells. The presence of hemolysis (lysis of red blood cells) indicates a negative result, while the absence of hemolysis indicates a positive result, confirming the presence of the specific antibody in the sample.
The Burnet theory about antigen antibody reaction is a basic concept about how we make antibodies specific to a foreign substance which has the ability to induce an immune response (antigen). Each B cell displas one unique type of B cell receptor on their surface (which is basically a membrane bound antibody). Therefore many B cells, each expressing its own type of B cell receptor are needed to cover the inexhaustable number of antigens that are possible, in the hope that one type of B cell receptor will be able to recognise the shape of that antigen. If one B cell does recognise the antigen in question, then this B cell will become activated to make many clones of itself, which will obviously carry identical B cell recptors which fit the antigen. |Therefore the clonal selection theory by Burnet is about antibody antigen interactions which result in the 'best-fit' B cell receptor inducing a reaction to tell the B cell carrying the receptor to multiply and produce lots of identical antibodies which can then be secreted to bind to the antigen they are specific for.
Two or more precipitant bands can form in an antigen-antibody experiment due to the presence of multiple antigenic epitopes that react with different antibodies, leading to the formation of distinct immune complexes. Additionally, variations in antibody concentrations or affinities can result in the formation of different-sized complexes that precipitate at varying rates, creating multiple bands. This phenomenon may also occur if the sample contains multiple antigens that can bind to the same antibody, resulting in the formation of separate precipitate zones.
Antigens are substances that provoke an immune response (they're the ultimate target for the immune system). Antibodies are simply proteins that are secreted as a result of the antigen provoked immune response. In short, antigens cause the disease and antibodies cure it.
HBsAg stands for hepatitis B surface antigen, a marker for hepatitis B virus infection. A reactive result indicates presence of the antigen in the blood. The 5898 value is the concentration of the antigen detected, measured in reactive units. COI stands for cutoff index, indicating the level of antibody concentration above which a test is considered positive. This result suggests an active hepatitis B infection.
The normal RDW ( width of each Red Blood Cell) level is 10.2 to 14.5%. It is important to keep in mind that the ranges mentioned above will be different depending on the machine used to do the blood test. Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short, is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. It is the first antibody to appear in response to initial exposure to an antigen (foreign substance).
Prozone effect or (high-dose) hook effect is the cause of a false negative or false low result which occur from an excess amount of antigen or antibody in a sample due to the inability of an analyte to bind to a receptor site.
Chickenpox and shingles result from the same virus, and generate the same antibodies. There is no difference between chickenpox antibody and shingles antibody, and there is only one test (varicella virus antibody) for both.