0
What else can I help you with?
What structures prevents viruses from attaching to host cells a platelets b antigens c antibodies d lymph nodes?
c) Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that can bind to viruses and prevent them from attaching to host cells. Antibodies can neutralize viruses, marking them for destruction by immune cells.
What is the difference between hypersensitivity type II and Type III?
Type II hypersensitivity is also known as cytotoxicity hypersensitivity and it may affect variety of organs and tissues. The antigens are endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Type III Hypersensitivity complex type of hypersensitivity and it may affect individual organs like skin, Liver etc.
What are these molecules called that protect potential host cells?
Antibodies protect potential host cells. They act against bacteria and viruses.
Important effector function of antibody molecules is?
The important effector functions of antibody molecules include opsonization, where antibodies mark pathogens for destruction by immune cells, neutralization, where antibodies block the ability of pathogens to infect host cells, and complement activation, where antibodies trigger a cascade of proteins to help destroy pathogens.
What are the means by which antibodies molecules exert a protective effect?
Antibody molecules exert a protective effect primarily through three mechanisms: neutralization, opsonization, and activation of the complement system. Neutralization involves antibodies binding to pathogens or toxins, preventing their interaction with host cells. Opsonization marks pathogens for destruction by immune cells, enhancing phagocytosis. Additionally, antibodies can activate the complement system, leading to the lysis of pathogens and recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection.
Can an antibody penetrate the host cell to bind intracellular antigen?
The majority of antibodies bind secreted or membrane bound antigens and do not penetrate cells. Antibodies can be taken up into cells via endocytosis. However, a subset of autoantibodies isolated from autoimmune diseases in humans and mouse models are able to penetrate cells and bind to their antigen in the cytoplasm or nucleus (e.g. anti-DNA autoantibodies).
What two ways does HIV avoid the host's antibodies?
Gvu
What is function of the HA protein of influenza virus?
The HA protein of influenza virus mediates viral attachment and entry into host cells by binding to sialic acid receptors on the surface of the host cell. It is a key protein for viral infectivity and is also the primary target for neutralizing antibodies generated by the host immune system.
What are antibodies what do they do?
Antibodies are cells that help the immune system fight off virus and sometimes bacteria. Vaccines are created from the antibodies of viruses that host them. For example a flu vaccine is made of the antibodies of various flu viruses. With the exception of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, a typical virus only lasts only a couple of days and give off antibodies for your body to work with its white blood cells to fight infection. When a person becomes ill even with a mild cold your body immidiatly creates anti bodys from the white blood cells. This anti bodys mould themselvs around the bad bacteria and engulf it. the white blood cells then know that if the same bacteria returns it can be faught off straight away.
What is the aim for a host cell for a virus?
A virally infected host cells' "desire" would be to create copies of the virus (as that is what the virus does to its host cell - turn its own mechanisms against itself). The host cell, once infected, can not do much to stop the spread of the virus internally. The external immune response would be to target that cell with antibodies and then have white blood cells phagocytize that cell to stop the spread of the virus anymore (same with free-floating viruses outside of cells).
What is the term also known as hypersensitivity?
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. These reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state of the host. The four-group classification was expounded by P. H. G. Gell and Robin Coombs in 1963. (Wikipedia)
By growing inside the t-cells HIV is able to avoid which?
By growing inside T-cells, HIV is able to avoid detection and elimination by the host's immune system. The virus resides within the cells, where it can replicate and persist without being exposed to antibodies or immune cells that typically target extracellular pathogens. This intracellular lifestyle allows HIV to evade immune responses and establish a chronic infection in the host.
