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The Mfecane, occurring in the early 19th century in southern Africa, was driven by several interrelated factors, including population pressures, resource scarcity, and the expansion of powerful chiefdoms like those led by Shaka Zulu. These dynamics prompted migrations and conflicts as groups sought land and resources. Additionally, the impact of European colonization and trade exacerbated tensions and competition among indigenous groups. The resulting upheaval led to significant social and political changes across the region.

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