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What are antigens determining blood type carried on?
Antigens, by definition, cause the body to produce antibodies which act against them. You inherit certain antigens which are on your red blood cells. Sometimes these antigens are absent from your RBC. If you are type B, you have B antigens. Type A has A antigens, AB has AB antigens and type O has no antigens. If you are type AB, you can receive AB blood from some one else.
Which group is the universal donor and why?
O negative blood group is universal donor, it is bcz it haz no agglutinogen (antigens which r specific proteins on the surface of RBCs), so when transfused there will be no agglutinogen in it to react with agglutinins(defencive prteins /antibodies) present in the recipients blood. O (oh) is actually zero that indicates that no antigens are present on RBC surface.
What are the different kind of human cells?
I know that there are red and white blood cells that are made up of antigens and antibodies as well as plasma and platelets. RBCs and WBCs are the main cells
Which components in Anti-a and Anti-B sera caused clumping?
Anti-A and Anti-B sera contain antibodies that recognize and bind to A and B antigens present on red blood cells. The clumping, or agglutination, occurs when these antibodies bind to their specific antigens on the RBCs, leading to cross-linking and formation of visible clumps.
How do antibodies kill the red blood cells?
Antibodies can lead to the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) through a process known as opsonization and complement activation. When antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of RBCs, they mark these cells for destruction. This binding can activate the complement system, leading to the formation of membrane attack complexes that create pores in the RBC membrane, causing lysis. Additionally, phagocytic cells, like macrophages, can recognize and engulf the antibody-coated RBCs, ultimately leading to their removal from circulation.
What r antigens in a human body?
Antigens are substances that cause an immune response in the body by identifying substances in or markers on cells
How is blood type o a universal doner?
There are 4 blood types (A, AB, B, and O) excluding the pos or neg aspect, which are all based on the Antigens on the surface of the Red Blood Cells (RBCs). These antigens are what Antiboies detect and bind to and, because antibodies each bind two antigens, they join up all the cells making massive structures that cannot flow through the blood and cause clots. So for example the A antigen will be detected by the anti-A antibody and cause the clott to be forlmed. For this reason we do not have in our systems the antibodies capable of dececting our own antigens, so if you have A antigens (type A blood) you will have only anti-B antibodies and vice versa. If you have both A and B antigens (AB blood) you will have neither anti-A nor ant-B antibodies. If you have no antigens (type O blood) you will have both the anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Recieving donor blood which as antigens to which your own antibodies will be atracted will mean that the blood you receive is clotted up. For exampl is a type A (has anti-B antibodies) receives type B blood (has B antigens) then the antibodies will bind the donor cells. However if a type AB (no antibodies) receives any sort of donor blood it will accept it freely as there are no antibodies tobind any antigens. This is why AB type is known as the Universal Reciever, as it can receive blood from any blood type donor. So if a type O (with both antibodies) receives A type or B type or AB type donor blood then it has antibodies that will bind any of them causing a clot. However O type blood also has no antigens on it RBCs so no matter what antibodies are present the cells will not be bound. This means tha O type donor blood can be put into any resipient without feer the recipients antibodies will bind the cells, and thus O type blood is known as the Universal Donor.
What is meant by Rhesus Null?
Rhesus null (Rhnull) phenotype is caused by the deletion of Rh-associated glycoproteins (RHAG) expression on red blood cells (RBCs). Individuals with Rhnull phenotype have RBCs that do not express any of the Rhesus antigens because they cannot be targeted to the RBC membrane. The absence of the Rh complex alters the RBC shape, increases its osmotic fragility, and shortens its lifespan, resulting in a hemolytic anemia that is usually mild in nature. These patients are at risk of adverse transfusion reactions because they may produce antibodies against several of the Rh antigens.
How does ABO blood typing work?
in the ABO blood type, there are two main anitgens or agglutinogens, A and B. A type has the A antigen, B type B antigen, O none, and AB both the A and B antigen. Thus, O is a universal donor due to its lack of antigens and AB is a univeral reciepient due to the fact that it has both antigens. btw, antigens= complex sugar molecules attached to the membrane of RBCs
What is the clumping together of RBCs by antibodies?
coagulation- is not the correct answer! The correct answer from my "Anatomy and Physiology" book is Agglutination
Where are theblood type antigens found?
Antigens are found in the immune system. They provoke an adaptive immune response.An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. An antigen may be a foreign substance from the environment. They can be found anywhere in your environment. Some are found on the surface of red blood cells. This one reason why you can not receive just any blood type.
Does a RH negative individual normally contain anti RH antibodies?
No. Rh-antibodies only develop in cases of pregnancy, miscarriage or a blood transfusion like if you have rh-negative blood you got AB blood. Your RH-antibodies then work to attack the foreign substance, the RBCS. In the fetus, loss of RBCS means the rise of bilburin and could eventually lead to brain damage or (kernictous), and also have low muscle tone(hypotonia)
