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What has helped to reduce maternal-fetal transmission of HIV?
In developed countries widespread HIV testing and anti-retroviral therapy have reduced maternal-fetal transmission dramatically.
How can fetal infection be diagnosed?
Sometimes a fetal infection can be diagnosed using ultrasound.
What can reduce the potential for maternal to fetal HIV infection in a woman with a high viral load?
Factors that may increase the risk of maternal HIV transmission include the the amount of HIV in her blood; use of illicit drugs; severe inflammation of the fetal membranes; and, a prolonged period between membrane rupture and delivery.
During what trimester is toxoplasmosis most dangerous to the fetus?
The fetal infection rate is above 60% if maternal infection occurs during the third trimester, but the most severe fetal complications occur with first-trimester infection.
How can maternal-to-fetal HSV transmission be prevented?
Prevention of maternal-to-fetal HSV transmission includes abstaining from sexual activity during the last trimester; using a condom; postponing membrane rupture; avoiding a fetal monitor; and, avoiding vacuum or forceps deliveries.
What precautions can be taken to prevent fetal exposure to HIV-infection?
Precautions for preventing fetal exposure to HIV-infected maternal blood include avoiding: amniocentesis, fetal scalp blood sampling, premature rupturing of the fetal membranes.
Why is fetal infection from rubella no longer a serious threat?
Routine vaccinations have made prenatal infection rare in the developed world.
What are the 2 methods of fetal monitoring counting?
The two methods of fetal monitoring counting are electronic fetal monitoring (EFM), which uses ultrasound to track the baby's heart rate, and counting fetal movements, which involves the mother keeping track of the baby's movements to ensure they are active and healthy.
What drug can prevent HIV infection in fetuses?
Zidovudine (ZDV, AZT, Retrovir) is the only drug that has been proven to help prevent fetal HIV infection.
What is a metabolically active organ that develops as an interweaving of fetal and maternal blood vessels embedded in the uterine wall?
placenta
How are GBS-carriers treated?
Most GBS-carriers are treated with intravenous antibiotics--from membrane rupture through labor--to prevent fetal transmission.
What reading material is available on maternal-to-fetal HIV infection?
Lallemant, M., et al. "Single-dose Prenatal Nevirapine plus Standard Zidovudine to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand." New England Journal of Medicine 351, no. 3 (July 15, 2004): 217-28.
