B sysntheis
It is called spacial stasis, or iso-spacial maintenance that constantly needs feedback. As for Chemistry, chemical equations are forever in need of balancing; Accounting is the profession of balancing 'the Books'.
Digestion involves negative feedback as the body regulates the release of digestive enzymes and hormones in response to food intake. When food enters the stomach, it stimulates the secretion of gastric juices, which aids in breaking down the food. As digestion progresses and nutrients are absorbed, signals are sent to the brain to reduce the production of these digestive substances, maintaining balance and preventing overproduction. This feedback mechanism ensures that digestion operates efficiently and prevents potential harm from excessive enzyme activity.
Y. Alekal has written: 'Synthesis of feedback controllers for systems with time-delay'
both negative and positive feedback
Cells regulate synthesis by controlling the activation of enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. This is done through feedback inhibition, where the end product of a pathway inhibits the enzyme responsible for its synthesis. By regulating when and how much of a certain product is produced, cells can conserve energy by only making what is necessary for their immediate needs.
Imagine this process in the body: The brain tells your stomach to release chemical A. Chemical A causes Chemical B to be released. Chemical B has an effect on your body. Chemical B also tells the brain to stop releasing Chemical A. The negative feedback is Chemical B telling the brain to stop. If the brain keeps releasing chemical A, then chemical B will keep being released and do things to your body and it would never stop. This creates an imbalance. Therefore, the end products of any reaction in the body tell the source to
An example of positive feedback in aerobic respiration is the role of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in stimulating ATP synthesis. When ATP levels are low, ADP accumulates, promoting the activity of ATP synthase in the mitochondria. This increased ATP production leads to higher energy availability, which can further enhance metabolic processes, creating a cycle of increased ATP synthesis as long as the substrates are available.
The advantage of feedback control is that it allows for real-time adjustments to a system, enhancing stability and accuracy by correcting deviations from desired performance. However, a disadvantage is that it can introduce delays in response, which may lead to overshooting or oscillations if the feedback loop is not properly calibrated. Additionally, reliance on feedback control can complicate system design and increase maintenance requirements.
feedback inhibition
The synthesis of a constitutive enzyme is typically regulated at the transcriptional level. When the cell has sufficient levels of the enzyme, transcription is inhibited by regulatory proteins or feedback mechanisms. This helps maintain a balance between enzyme production and cellular needs.
Both negative and positive feedback mechanisms in body chemistry involve the regulation of physiological processes through a series of responses that aim to maintain balance or amplify a reaction. In negative feedback, the response reduces the effect of a stimulus, promoting stability and homeostasis, while in positive feedback, the response enhances or accelerates the process, often leading to a specific outcome. Despite their opposite functions, both mechanisms rely on a feedback loop that involves sensors, effectors, and control centers, illustrating the body's complexity in maintaining its internal environment. Ultimately, both types of feedback are essential for the effective regulation of biological systems.
Feedback regulation of metabolic pathways involves the inhibition of an enzyme by the end product of the pathway. This helps maintain homeostasis by preventing the overproduction of metabolites. This process is important for ensuring that a cell or organism does not waste resources on unnecessary synthesis.