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The short term effects on the circulatory system from exercise are many, and this answer will only briefly touch the subject. The most prominent short term effect of exercise is an increase in sympathetic nervous activity (by way of adrenaline). This leads to an increased heart rate, and an increased cardiac output (more blood is pumped each heartbeat), as well as a dilation (widening) of capillaries in skeletal muscles and lungs, and constriction (tightening) of capillaries in non-vital organs (the digestive tract and reproductive organs decrease their activity). This allows the blood and the oxygen to go where it is needed the most.

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