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Humans have two levels of defense against pathogens: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system provides immediate, non-specific responses to a wide range of pathogens, acting as the body's first line of defense. In contrast, the adaptive immune system is specific and develops a targeted response to particular pathogens, including the formation of memory cells for long-term immunity. Together, these systems help protect the body from infections and diseases.

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