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Although blood transfusions can be life-saving, they are not without risks.

Blood transfusions sometimes cause transfusion reactions. There are several types of reactions and some are worse than others. Some reactions happen as soon as the transfusion is started, while others take several days or even longer to develop.

1-Allergic reaction

Usually the only symptoms are hives and itching, which can be treated with antihistamines like diphenhydramine (Benadryl).

2-Febrile reaction

This means that that the person gets a sudden fever during or within 24 hours of the transfusion. Headache, nausea, chills, or a general feeling of discomfort may come with the fever. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may help these symptoms.

3- Transfusion-related acute lung injury

It often starts within 1 to 2 hours of starting the transfusion, but can happen anytime up to 6 hours after a transfusion. The main symptom of TRALI is trouble breathing.

4- Acute immune hemolytic reaction

It happens when donor and patient blood types do not match. The patient's antibodies attack the transfused red blood cells, causing them to break open (hemolyze) and release harmful substances into the bloodstream.

Patients may have chills, fever, chest and lower Back pain, and nausea. The kidneys may be badly damaged, and dialysis may be needed. A hemolytic reaction can be deadly if the transfusion is not stopped as soon as the reaction starts.

5-Delayed hemolytic reaction

This type of reaction happens when the body slowly attacks antigens (other than ABO antigens) on the transfused blood cells. The blood cells are broken down days or weeks after the transfusion. There are usually no symptoms, but the transfused red blood cells are destroyed and the patient's red blood cell count falls. In rare cases the kidneys may be affected, and treatment may be needed.

6-Graft-versus-host disease

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurs when a person with a very weak immune system gets white blood cells in a transfused blood product. The white cells from the transfusion attack the tissues of the patient who got the blood.

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12y ago

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