E Moctezuma, L J FeldmanDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley 94720, USA. edgar@nature.berkeley.edu
Gravitropic perception and response are essential for the completion of the reproductive life cycle of the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.). The developing seeds are buried in the soil by a specialized organ, the gynophore, allowing the fruit to mature underground. Controversy exists about the site of graviperception in the gynophore: previous workers suggested that the intercalary meristem was the zone where gravity was perceived. Taking the starch statolith hypothesis for graviperception as a framework, we explored the possibility that the starch-grain filled plastids (amyloplasts) in the starch sheath of the gynophore may be acting as gravisensors. We show that these amyloplasts sediment readily with respect to the gravity vector within 30 min of reorientation, and before there is a measurable gravitropic response. Gynophore explants were incubated with gibberellic acid and kinetin, in darkness, to remove starch from the amyloplasts. Destarching the gynophores did not inhibit overall growth of the organ, but reduced the gravitropic response curvature by 82% compared to water-treated controls. In addition, gynophores placed on a rotating clinostat (without hormone treatment) also showed a reduced gravitropic response. In conclusion, the evidence presented in this work strongly suggests that the amyloplasts of the starch sheath are responsible for gravitropic perception in the peanut gynophore. A model for graviperception in the gynophore is presented.
Deficiency diseases related to starch are rare, as starch is a primary source of energy for the body. However, inadequate starch intake can lead to low energy levels, weakness, and difficulties in maintaining proper blood sugar levels. Ensuring a balanced diet with sufficient starch-rich foods can help prevent any potential deficiency issues.
The three main nutrients in food are protien, carboyhdrates and fat...
The white spots in plants are typically due to a lack of chlorophyll, which is responsible for the green color and photosynthesis. Starch may not be present in these areas because they are not actively photosynthesizing and storing energy, resulting in reduced starch accumulation. Additionally, the white spots may indicate tissue damage or nutrient deficiency, further impacting starch production in those areas.
Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants. Glucose is compounded into chians called starch and stored for later use. During times when there is a deficiency of glucose in plant cells, this stored starch can be broken down back into glucose and used in various metabolic processes
Increased Protein and increased carboyhydrates.
Mitochondria is the main cellular site for the capture of energy from carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are important nutrients that provide energy.
Common types of starch include cornstarch, potato starch, tapioca starch, and wheat starch.
Corn starch is a souluble starch.
Starch phosphorylase is primarily involved in starch degradation by catalyzing the conversion of starch to glucose. In vivo starch anabolism involves the synthesis of starch molecules from glucose, which is carried out by enzymes like starch synthase and starch branching enzyme. Therefore, starch phosphorylase is not directly involved in the biosynthesis of starch in living systems.
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what is the difference between barley starch and corn starch
Dwarfism is zinc deficiency. hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency.