Correct answer: I, II, III and IV
Usain Bolt's lactate threshold is not publicly specified in exact terms, but it is estimated that elite sprinters like him have a lactate threshold around 85-90% of their maximum heart rate. This high threshold allows them to sustain intense efforts for longer durations before fatigue sets in due to lactate accumulation. Bolt's exceptional speed and endurance during sprints reflect his ability to efficiently manage lactate levels.
The accumulation of lactate and lactic acid in the muscles during intense exercise can lead to muscle fatigue and decreased performance. This buildup can cause a burning sensation in the muscles and can impair muscle function, leading to decreased strength and endurance. Athletes may experience decreased power output and slower recovery times as a result of high levels of lactate and lactic acid in the muscles.
Lactate accumulates because of the lack of available oxygen in the muscles. In anaerobic conditions, the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is reduced to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase (while also oxidizing a single molecule of NADH to regenerate NAD+). NAD+ is a very important molecule and must readily be available in the cytoplasm in order for glycolysis to proceed.
Lactate threshold is caused when lactate production exceeds lactate clearance during exercise or increasing intensity.
lactate dehydrogenase
The burning sensation in a runner's muscles when lactate builds up is primarily due to the accumulation of lactic acid, which is produced during anaerobic metabolism when the body needs energy quickly and oxygen supply is limited. As lactate levels increase, it can lower the pH in the muscle cells, leading to acidosis. This acidic environment can stimulate nerve endings, resulting in the characteristic burning feeling. Additionally, the buildup of lactate indicates that the muscles are working at high intensity, surpassing their aerobic capacity.
Lactate Threshold and Anaerobic Threshold (also known as the Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation OBLA) are very similar and for most intents and purposes are referred to as the same thing. Lactate Threshold is the point at which lactic acid produce in the muscle during glycolysis is not metabolised as fast as it is being produced. Anaerobic Threshold is the result of this Lactate Threshold, after Lactate Threshold occurs the extra lactic acid from the muscle then acuminates into the blood, once Blood Lactate (BL) level reaches 4 mmol/L it is defined as Anaerobic Threshold or OBLA. Additionally, this Lactic acid is then Broken into lactate and acid (H+ ions). The lactate is recycled and used as an energy source, while the H+ ions are neutralised in the blood, with a by-product being CO2, the CO2 then needs to be expelled through ventilation, this is called Ventilatory Threshold (VT) and is characterised by a sudden heavy ventilation. Put simply Lactate Threshold, Anaerobic Threshold and Ventilatory Threshold happen in a cascade chain and each threshold usually occurs soon after the one before it. (non-plagarised reference: s4121335 UQ)
Yes, L-lactate is a chiral molecule as it has a stereocenter at the carbon atom bound to the carboxyl group. It exists in two enantiomeric forms, L-lactate and D-lactate, which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
Not quite; they have to give birth to a calf in order to lactate.
yap it looks possible to dilute with ringer lactate
The high concentration of ammonium lactate in the lotion surprised me.