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What is the Autopsy finding in essential hypertension in kidney?
Benign Nephrosclerosis
When did Marc Krah die?
Marc Krah died on September 25, 1973, in Los Angeles County, California, USA of nephrosclerosis.
What is the medical term meaning abnormal hardening of the kidney?
Glomerulosclerosis means hardening of the glomerulus.
What does the medical terminology combining form -sclerosis mean?
The medical terminology combining form -sclerosis means abnormal hardening of tissue or parts of the body. Examples include atherosclerosis in blood vessels and multiple sclerosis in the nervous system.
Is there a link between diabetes and increased levels of creatinine in the blood?
Diabetes mellitus has adverse effects on many body systems - the cardiovascular system, the neurological system, the endocrine system (obviously) and the renal system. Over time, diabetes causes damage to the small blood vessels in the kidneys, resulting in nephrosclerosis and nephropathy, which decreases the ability of the kidneys to clear the blood of toxins, water, salts, and acids. The creatinine is a marker physicians use to measure kidney function. Because of the damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys, there is elevated BUN and creatinine.
Malignant hypertension?
DefinitionMalignant hypertension is a sudden and rapid development of extremely high blood pressure. The lower (diastolic) blood pressure reading, which is normally around 80 mmHg, is often above 130 mmHg.Alternative NamesAccelerated hypertension; Arteriolar nephrosclerosis; Nephrosclerosis - arteriolar; Hypertension - malignant; High blood pressure - malignantCauses, incidence, and risk factorsThe disorder affects about 1% of people with high blood pressure, including both children and adults. It is more common in younger adults, especially African American men. It also occurs in women with toxemia of pregnancy, and persons with kidney disorders or collagen vascular disorders.You are at high risk for malignant hypertension if you have had kidney failure or renal hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis.SymptomsAbnormal sensation (numbness) of the arms, legs, face, or other areasBlurred visionChange in mental statusRestlessnessAnxietyDecreased alertness, decreased ability to concentrateFatigueSleepiness, stuporous, lethargicConfusionChest painMid-chest location most commonCrushing or pressure sensationCoughDecreased urinary outputHeadacheNausea or vomitingSeizureShortness of breathWeakness of the arms, legs, face, or other areasSigns and testsMalignant hypertension is a medical emergency.A physical exam commonly shows:Extremely high blood pressurePossible swelling in the lower legs and feetAbnormal heart sounds and fluid in the lungsChanges in mental status, sensation, muscle ability, and reflexesAn eye examination will reveal changes that indicate high blood pressure, including swelling of the optic nerve, retinal bleeding, narrowing of the blood vessels in the eye area, or other problems with the retina.If not already present, kidney failure may develop as a complication of malignant hypertension. Other complications may also develop.Tests to determine damage to the kidneys may include:BUNCreatinineArterial blood gas analysisUrinalysisA chest x-raymay show lung congestion and an enlarged heart.This disease may also alter the results of the following tests:AldosteroneCardiac enzymes (markers of heart damage)Electrocardiogram (EKG)ReninUrinary casts(sediment)TreatmentYou will need to stay in the hospital until the severe high blood pressure is under control. Medications will be given through a vein to reduce your blood pressure. If there is fluid in your lungs, you will be given medicines called diuretics, which help the body remove fluid. Your doctor will consider giving you medications to protect the heart if there is evidence of heart damage.After the severe high blood pressure is brought under control, blood pressure medicines taken by mouth can control the hypertension. Your medication may need to be adjusted occasionally. Hypertension can be difficult to control.Expectations (prognosis)Many body systems are in serious risk due to the extreme rise in blood pressure. Multiple organs of the body, including the brain, eyes, blood vessels, heart, and kidneys may be damaged. The blood vessels of the kidney are highly susceptible to damage caused by pressure, and kidney failure may develop, which may be permanent, requiring dialysis (kidney machine).If treated promptly, malignant hypertension is often controlled without permanent complications. If it is not treated promptly, complications may be severe and life-threatening.ComplicationsBrain damage due to: ComaHypertensive encephalopathyIntracerebral hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain)SeizuresSpasm or constriction of the arteries of the brainStrokeSwellingHeart damage, including: Heart attackAngina (chest pain due to narrowed blood vessels or weakened heart muscle)Heart rhythm disturbancesKidney failurePermanent blindnessPulmonary edemaCalling your health care providerGo to the emergency room or call your local emergency number (such as 911) if symptoms of malignant hypertension develop. This is an emergency condition.Call your health care provider if you know you have poorly controlled high blood pressure.PreventionIf you have high blood pressure, carefully monitoring your blood pressure and taking your medicines properly help to reduce the risk. Eat a healthy diet, one that is low in salt and low in fat.ReferencesBadr KF, Brenner BM. Vascular injury to the kidney. In: Fauci A , Kasper D, Longo DL, et al, eds. Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2008:chap 280.
BUN?
DefinitionBUN stands for blood urea nitrogen. Urea nitrogen is what forms when protein breaks down.A test can be done to measure the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood.Alternative NamesBlood urea nitrogenHow the test is performedBlood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.How to prepare for the testMany drugs affect BUN levels. Before having this test, make sure the health care provider knows which medications you are taking.Drugs that can increase BUN measurements include:AllopurinolAminoglycosidesAmphotericin BAspirin (high doses)BacitracinCarbamazepineCephalosporinsChloral hydrateCisplatinColistinFurosemideGentamicinGuanethidineIndomethacinMethicillinMethotrexateMethyldopaNeomycinPenicillaminePolymyxin BProbenecidPropranololRifampinSpironolactoneTetracyclinesThiazide diureticsTriamtereneVancomycinDrugs that can decrease BUN measurements include:ChloramphenicolStreptomycinHow the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.Why the test is performedThe BUN test is often done to check kidney function.Normal Values7 - 20 mg/dL. Note that normal values may vary among different laboratories.What abnormal results meanHigher-than-normal levels may be due to:Congestive heart failureExcessive protein levels in the gastrointestinal tractGastrointestinal bleedingHypovolemiaHeart attackKidney disease, including glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and acute tubular necrosisKidney failureShockUrinary tract obstructionLower-than-normal levels may be due to:Liver failureLow protein dietMalnutritionOver-hydrationAdditional conditions under which the test may be done include:Acute nephritic syndromeAlport syndromeAtheroembolic kidney diseaseDementia due to metabolic causesDiabetic nephropathy/sclerosisDigitalis toxicityEpilepsyGeneralized tonic-clonic seizureGoodpasture syndromeHemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)Hepatokidney syndromeInterstitial nephritisLupus nephritisMalignant hypertension (arteriolar nephrosclerosis)Medullary cystic kidney diseaseMembranoproliferative GN IMembranoproliferative GN IIType 2 diabetesPrerenal azotemiaPrimary amyloidosisSecondary systemic amyloidosisWilms' tumorWhat the risks areVeins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks are slight but may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling light-headedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)Special considerationsFor people with liver disease, the BUN level may be low even if the kidneys are normal.ReferencesMolitoris BA. Acute kidney injury. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 121.
Creatinine - blood?
DefinitionCreatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is an important part of muscle. This article discusses the laboratory test to measure the amount of creatinine in the blood.Creatinine can also be measured with a urine test. See: Creatinine - urineAlternative NamesSerum creatinineHow the test is performedBlood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.How to prepare for the testThe health care provider may tell you to stop taking certain drugs that may affect the test. Such drugs include:Aminoglycosides (for example, gentamicin)CimetidineHeavy metal chemotherapy drugs (for example, Cisplatin)Kidney damaging drugs such as cephalosporins (for example, cefoxitin)TrimethoprimHow the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.Why the test is performedThe test is done to evaluate kidney function. Creatinine is removed from the body entirely by the kidneys. If kidney function is abnormal, creatinine levels will increase in the blood (because less creatinine is released through your urine).Creatinine levels also vary according to a person's size and muscle mass.Normal ValuesA normal value is 0.8 to 1.4 mg/dL.Females usually have a lower creatinine than males, because they usually have less muscle mass.Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.What abnormal results meanHigher-than-normal levels may indicate:Acute tubular necrosisDehydrationDiabetic nephropathyEclampsia (a condition of pregnancy that includes seizures)GlomerulonephritisKidney failureMuscular dystrophyPreeclampsia(pregnancy-induced hypertension)PyelonephritisReduced kidney blood flow (shock, congestive heart failure)RhabdomyolysisUrinary tract obstructionLower-than-normal levels may indicate:Muscular dystrophy (late stage)Myasthenia gravisAdditional conditions under which the test may be performed:Alport syndromeAtheroembolic kidney diseaseChronic kidney diseaseCushing syndromeDementia due to metabolic causesDermatomyositisDiabetesDigitalis toxicityEctopic Cushing syndromeGeneralized tonic-clonic seizureGoodpasture syndromeHemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)Hepatorenal syndromeInterstitial nephritisLupus nephritisMalignant hypertension (arteriolar nephrosclerosis)Medullary cystic kidney diseaseMembranoproliferative GN Iand GN IIType 2 diabetesPolymyositis (adult)Prerenal azotemiaPrimary amyloidosisSecondary systemic amyloidThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraWilms' tumorWhat the risks areExcessive bleedingFainting or feeling light-headedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)Multiple punctures to locate veinsReferencesBazari H. Approach to the patient with renal disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 115.
BUN - blood test?
DefinitionBUN stands for blood urea nitrogen. Urea nitrogen is what forms when protein breaks down.A test can be done to measure the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood.Alternative NamesBlood urea nitrogenHow the test is performedA blood sample is needed. For information on how this is done, see: VenipunctureHow to prepare for the testMany drugs affect BUN levels. Before having this test, make sure the health care provider knows which medications you are taking.Drugs that can increase BUN measurements include:AllopurinolAminoglycoside antibioticsAmphotericin BAspirin (high doses)BacitracinCarbamazepineCephalosporinsChloral hydrateCisplatinColistinFurosemideGuanethidineIndomethacinMethicillinMethotrexateMethyldopaNeomycinPenicillaminePolymyxin BProbenecidPropranololRifampinSpironolactoneTetracyclinesThiazide diureticsTriamtereneVancomycinDrugs that can decrease BUN measurements include:ChloramphenicolStreptomycinHow the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.Why the test is performedThe BUN test is often done to check kidney function.Normal ValuesThe normal result is generally 6 - 20 mg/dL.Note: Normal values may vary among different labs. Talk to your doctor about your specific test results.The examples above show the common measurements for results for these tests. Some laboratories use different measurements or may test different specimens.What abnormal results meanHigher-than-normal levels may be due to:Congestive heart failureExcessive protein levels in the gastrointestinal tractGastrointestinal bleedingHypovolemiaHeart attackKidney disease, including glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and acute tubular necrosisKidney failureShockUrinary tract obstructionLower-than-normal levels may be due to:Liver failureLow protein dietMalnutritionOver-hydrationAdditional conditions under which the test may be done include:Acute nephritic syndromeAlport syndromeAtheroembolic kidney diseaseDementia due to metabolic causesDiabetesDigitalis toxicityEpilepsyGeneralized tonic-clonic seizureGoodpasture syndromeHemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)Hepatorenal syndromeInterstitial nephritisLupus nephritisMalignant hypertension (arteriolar nephrosclerosis)Medullary cystic kidney diseaseMembranoproliferative GN IMembranoproliferative GN IIPrerenal azotemiaPrimary amyloidosisSecondary systemic amyloidosisWilms' tumorWhat the risks areVeins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks are slight but may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling light-headedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)Special considerationsFor people with liver disease, the BUN level may be low even if the kidneys are normal.ReferencesClarkson MR, Friedewald JJ, Eustace JA, Rabb H. Acute kidney injury. In: Brenner BM, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:chap 29.Reviewed ByReview Date: 05/30/2011David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
Urinalysis?
DefinitionUrinalysis is the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine. It involves a number of tests to detect and measure various compounds that pass through the urine.Alternative NamesUrine appearance and color; Routine urine testHow the test is performedA urine sample is needed. Your health care provider will tell you what type of urine sample is needed. For information on how to collect a urine sample, see:24-hour urine collectionClean catch urine specimenThere are three basic steps to a complete urinalysis:Physical color and appearance:What does the urine look like to the naked eye?Is it clear or cloudy?Is it pale or dark yellow or another color?The urine specific gravity test reveals how concentrated or dilute the urine is.Microscopic appearance:The urine sample is examined under a microscope. This is done to look at cells, urine crystals, mucus, and other substances, and to identify any bacteria or other microorganisms that might be present.Chemical appearance:A special stick ("dipstick") tests for various substances in the urine. The stick contains little pads of chemicals that change color when they come in contact with the substances of interest.See also: Urine chemistryHow to prepare for the testCertain medicines change the color of urine, but this is not a sign of disease. Your doctor may tell you to stop taking any medicines that can affect test results.Medicines that can change your urine color include:ChloroquineIron supplementsLevodopaNitrofurantoinPhenazopyridinePhenothiazinesPhenytoinRiboflavinTriamtereneHow the test will feelThe test involves only normal urination, and there is no discomfort.Why the test is performedA urinalysis may be done:As part of a routine medical exam to screen for early signs of diseaseIf you have signs of diabetes or kidney disease, or to monitor you if you are being treated for these conditionsTo check for blood in the urineTo diagnose a urinary tract infectionAdditional conditions under which the test may be performed:Acute bilateral obstructive uropathyAcute nephritic syndromeAcute tubular necrosisAcute unilateral obstructive uropathyAlkalosisAlport syndromeAnalgesic nephropathyAnorexia nervosaAtheroembolic renal diseaseAtrial myxomaBladder stonesChronic bilateral obstructive uropathyChronic glomerulonephritisChronic or recurrent urinary tract infectionChronic renal failureChronic unilateral obstructive uropathyChronic urethritisComplicated UTI (pyelonephritis)Congenital nephrotic syndromeCystinuriaDeliriumDementiaDementia due to metabolic causesDiabetes insipidus -- centralDiabetic nephropathy/sclerosisEnuresisEpididymitisFailure to thriveFocal segmental glomerulosclerosisGoodpasture syndromeHeart failureHemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)Henoch-Schonlein purpuraInsulin-dependent diabetes (IDD)IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease)Injury of the kidney and ureterInterstitial nephritisIrritable bladderLeft-sided heart failureLupus nephritisMalignant hypertension (arteriolar nephrosclerosis)Medullary cystic kidney diseaseMembranoproliferative GN IMembranoproliferative GN IIMembranous nephropathyMyelomeningocele (children)Necrotizing vasculitisNephrotic syndromeNoninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD)OrchitisOvarian cancerParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)Polycystic kidney diseasePost-streptococcal GNPrerenal azotemiaPrimary amyloidosisProstate cancerProstatitis, acuteProstatitis, chronicProstatitis, nonbacterialPyelonephritis, acuteRapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritisReflux nephropathyRenal papillary necrosisRenal tubular acidosis, distalRenal tubular acidosis, proximalRenal vein thrombosisRetrograde ejaculationRhabdomyolysisRight-sided heart failureSecondary systemic amyloidosisStress incontinenceSystemic lupus erythematosusSystemic sclerosis (scleroderma)Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraTraumatic injury of the bladder and urethraUreteroceleUrethral strictureUrethritisWegener's granulomatosisWilms tumorNormal ValuesNormal urine may vary in color from almost colorless to dark yellow. Some foods (like beets and blackberries) may turn the urine a red color.Usually, glucose, ketones, protein, and bilirubin are not detectable in urine. The following are not normally found in urine:HemoglobinNitritesRed blood cellsWhite blood cellsNormal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.What abnormal results meanFor specific results, see the individual test article:Bilirubin - urineGlucose - urineProtein - urineRed blood cells in urine testUrine ketonesUrine pHUrine proteinUrine specific gravityWhat the risks areThere are no risks.Special considerationsIf a home test is used, the person reading the results must be able to distinguish between different colors, since the results are interpreted using a color chart.ReferencesMcPherson RA, Ben-Ezra J, Zhao S. Basic examination of urine. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 21st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders Company; 2006:chap 27.
Is high blood pressure related to kidney failure?
As the question suggests, both low and high blood pressures can lead to kidney injury (previously called "kidney failure"). Low blood pressure decreases the blood flow to the kidney, and since the kidney's function depends on adequate blood flow, it may not be able to do its job at such a low blood pressure. Consequently, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a measure of kidney function, may drop; a low GFR is one measure of kidney injury. If the low blood pressure persists, not only does kidney function decrease, but the kidneys can actually become damaged. Low blood flow can lead to inadequate oxygen delivery to the kidney, which can cause the cells of the kidney to fall apart, die, and leak fluid. All of these are types of so-called acute kidney injury.High blood pressure can cause proteins to leak into the kidney inappropriately so that protein ends up in the urine (called proteinuria). Long-term proteinuria damages the filtering component of the kidney, which can rapidly lead to acute kidney injury. In addition, high blood pressure can lead to a condition called arteriolar nephrosclerosis, wherein the leaked pressures get into the walls of the kidney's blood vessels, decreasing their ability to do their job. moreover very high blood pressure would disturb the blood composition by eliminating useful components to the urinary system...therefore damaging the important function of kidney , subsequently leading to "kidney failure"
Chest x-ray?
DefinitionA chest x-ray is an x-ray of the chest, lungs, heart, large arteries, ribs, and diaphragm.Alternative NamesChest radiography; Serial chest x-ray; X-ray - chestHow the test is performedThe test is performed in a hospital radiology department or in the health care provider's office by an x-ray technician. Two views are usually taken: one in which the x-rays pass through the chest from the back (posterior-anterior view), and one in which the x-rays pass through the chest from one side to the other (lateral view). You stand in front of the machine and must hold your breath when the x-ray is taken.How to prepare for the testInform the health care provider if you are pregnant. Chest x-rays are generally avoided during the first six months of pregnancy. You must wear a hospital gown and remove all jewelry.How the test will feelThere is no discomfort. The film plate may feel cold.Why the test is performedYour doctor may order a chest x-ray if you have any of the following symptoms:A persistent coughChest injuryChest painCoughing up bloodDifficulty breathingIt may also be done if you have signs of tuberculosis, lung cancer, or other chest or lung disease.A serial chest x-ray (repeated) may be used to evaluate or monitor changes found on a previous chest x-ray.What abnormal results meanIn the lungs:Collapsed lungCollection of fluid around the lungLung cancerLung tumorMalformation of the blood vesselsPneumoniaScarring of lung tissueTuberculosisIn the heart:Size and shape of the heart determinedPosition and shape of the large arteriesIn the bones:Fractures of ribs and spineOsteoporosisOther abnormalities in the ribs and spineAdditional conditions under which the test may be performed:AchalasiaAcute bronchitisAcute MIAcute mountain sicknessAcute pulmonary eosinophilia (Loeffler syndrome)Adult Still's diseaseAlcoholic cardiomyopathyAlpha-1 antitrypsin deficiencyAnthraxAortic dissectionAortic insufficiencyAortic stenosisARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome)AsbestosisAspergillosisAspiration pneumoniaAtelectasisAtrial myxomaAtrial septal defectAtypical mycobacterial infectionAtypical pneumoniaBlastomycosisBreast cancerBronchial adenomaBronchial asthmaBronchiectasisBronchiolitisBronchopulmonary dysplasiaByssinosis (cotton dust)Caplan syndromeCardiac tamponadeCerebral abscessChronic bronchitisChronic glomerulonephritisCMV pneumonitisCoal workers pneumoconiosisCoarctation of the aortaCoccidioidomycosis; acute (primary) pulmonaryCoccidioidomycosis; chronic pulmonaryCoccidioidomycosis; disseminatedDiaphragmatic herniaDiffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosisDilated cardiomyopathyDisseminated tuberculosis (infectious)Drug-induced lupus erythematosusDrug-induced pulmonary diseaseEchinococcusEmphysemaEmpyemaGoodpasture syndromeHeart failureHistoplasmosis; acute (primary) pulmonaryHistoplasmosis; chronic pulmonaryHistoplasmosis; disseminatedHodgkin's lymphomaHospital-acquired pneumoniaHypersensitivity pneumonitisHypertensive heart diseaseHypertrophic cardiomyopathyHypothyroidismHypothyroidism; primaryHypothyroidism; secondaryIdiopathic cardiomyopathyIdiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosisIndustrial bronchitisInfective endocarditisInhalation anthraxIschemic cardiomyopathyLeft-sided heart failureLegionnaire's diseaseLyme disease, secondaryMalignant hypertension (arteriolar nephrosclerosis)MeningitisMesothelioma (benign-fibrous)Mesothelioma (malignant)Metastatic brain tumorMetastatic cancer to the lungMetastatic pleural tumorMitral regurgitation; acuteMitral regurgitation; chronicMitral stenosisMitral valve prolapseMycoplasma pneumoniaMyocarditisNecrotizing vasculitisNeuroblastomaNeurosarcoidosisNon-Hodgkin's lymphomaOccupational asthmaPatent ductus arteriosusPericarditisPericarditis; bacterialPericarditis; post-MIPeripartum cardiomyopathyPneumocystis carinii pneumoniaPneumonia in immunocompromised hostPneumonia with lung abscessPremature infantPrimary alveolar hypoventilationPrimary pulmonary hypertensionPulmonary actinomycosisPulmonary alveolar proteinosisPulmonary aspergilloma (mycetoma)Pulmonary aspergillosis; allergic bronchopulmonary typePulmonary aspergillosis; invasivePulmonary edemaPulmonary embolusPulmonary histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)Pulmonary nocardiosisPulmonary valve stenosisPulmonary tuberculosisPulmonary veno-occlusive diseaseQ fever (early)Q fever (late)Renal cell carcinomaRespiratory distress syndrome (infants)Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)Restrictive cardiomyopathyRheumatoid lung diseaseRight-sided heart failureSarcoidosisSenile cardiac amyloidSilicosis (classical)Silicosis (acute)Skin lesion of histoplasmosisSolitary pulmonary nodule (benign)Spontaneous pneumothoraxSVC obstructionSystemic lupus erythematosusSystemic sclerosis (scleroderma)Tension pneumothoraxTesticular cancerTetralogy of FallotTransient ischemic attack (TIA)Transposition of the great vesselsTraumatic pneumothoraxVentricular septal defectViral pneumoniaWegener's granulomatosisWilms tumorWhat the risks areThere is low radiation exposure. X-rays are monitored and regulated to provide the minimum amount of radiation exposure needed to produce the image. Most experts feel that the risk is very low compared with the benefits. Pregnant women and children are more sensitive to the risks of x-rays.
