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How can a diverse array of antibodies be generated against a single antigen?
A diverse array of antibodies can be generated against a single antigen through a process called somatic hypermutation. This process allows B cells to produce a wide range of antibodies with different binding affinities to the antigen, increasing the chances of finding an effective antibody to neutralize the antigen.
Foreign substance neutralized by antibodies in the immune process is called?
Antigen
What is the process by which an antibody binds to an antigen?
The process by which an antibody binds to an antigen is called antigen-antibody binding. This occurs when the antibody recognizes and attaches to a specific part of the antigen, forming a complex that helps the immune system identify and neutralize the antigen.
What does the body do when an antigen enters the body?
when a antigen enters the body then the body would send antibodies to get rid of them. The antibody doesn't get rid of the antigen they tag it by binding to it so that a cell..a white blood cell can come and destroy by phagi.
What is neutralizing antigen?
Its the antigen in a particular foreign body or pathogen that the body recognizes as "allo" or unfamiliar.. Maybe even harmful. So antibodies are produced against these antigens. And since they are 'neutralizing antibodies' it follows that the antigens they bind to are 'neutralizing antigens'
How do B cells get activated in the immune response process?
B cells get activated in the immune response process when they encounter a specific antigen that matches their receptors. This triggers the B cell to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies to target and neutralize the antigen.
How are antibodies produced?
lymphocytes make antibodies by first getting the antigen marker from a pathogen. Then, using a 'toolkit' of various protein fragments, they use the marker as a 'blueprint' to make the antibody.
What is the basic principle of the antigen-antibody reaction?
-the principle of antigen-antibody reaction is a process of the immune system in which immunoglobulin-coated B cells recognize a specific antigen and stimulate antibody production. T cells also play an essential role in the reaction. An antigen-antibody reaction begins with the binding of antigens to antibodies to form antigen-antibody complexes. These complexes may render toxic antigens harmless (neutralization), agglutinize antigens on the surface of microorganisms, or activate the complement system by exposing the complement binding sites on antibodies. Certain complement protein molecules immediately bind to these sites and trigger the activity of the other complement protein molecules, which cause antigen-bearing cells to lyse. Antigen-antibody reactions may start immediately with antigen contact or as much as 48 hours later. They normally produce immunity but may also be responsible for allergy, autoimmunity, and fetomaternal hematologic incompatibility. In the immediate allergic response, the antigen-antibody reaction activates certain enzymes and causes an imbalance between those enzymes and their inhibitors
How do antibodies and macrophages work together during an antigen-antibody reaction?
During an antigen-antibody reaction, antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction. Macrophages recognize these marked pathogens and engulf them through a process called phagocytosis. The antibodies help enhance the efficiency of macrophages in clearing pathogens from the body.
Why are antibodies specific for certain antigens?
Antibodies binds to specific region in an antigen. Antibodies recognizes the part of an antigen and binds to specific region. Part of an antigen recognised by the antibody and binds is know as Antigenic Determinant or Epitope. Antibodies are generated by a sub set of immune cells called B cells. The main receptor for these cells are antibodies, although while they're bound to the surface of the B cell they are called B Cell Receptors (BCRs). While these cells are developing the BCR genes undergo a number of mutations, these mutations define the antigen binding region, which as described above, binds to the antigen. In fact there are so many possible ways the BCR genes can mutate that we can recognize a nearly infinite number of antigens. Then once your body has encountered an antigen the B cells that have BCRs that can react with the antigen begin to proliferate, and then they start excreting antibodies. After the infection is over, B cells will continue to refine they antigen specificity, that way when they encounter the infection again they can respond with much more specific antibodies and more quickly, this process is called affinity maturation.
When an antigen is detected several types of cells work together to recognize and respond to it These cells trigger the lymphocytes to produce antibodies This process is known as?
Humoral immunity
What happens to an antigen-antibody complex?
The antigen grows a memory cell instead of the Plasma cell and takes over the whole body and kills all of the antibodies.
