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Vaccines are produced in large scale as they need to be administered to large populations of children and adults to be effective as a public health tool. This large scale production is often a challenge.

Vaccine production has several stages. Process of vaccine manufacture has the following steps:

Inactivation - This involves making of the antigen preparation

Purification - The isolated antigen is purified

Formulation - The purified antigen is combined with adjuvants, stabilizers and preservatives to form the final vaccine preparation.

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