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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is primarily caused by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers in the central nervous system. This damage occurs due to an autoimmune response, where the immune system mistakenly attacks myelin, leading to inflammation and lesions. As a result, nerve signals can be disrupted or slowed, causing a range of neurological symptoms. Over time, this damage can lead to permanent disability in affected individuals.

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