what volume of hourly urine output could indicate renal failure?
Cardiac output is determined by the heart rate and stroke volume. The heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute, while stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume.
Cardiac output is the blood volume pushed out by the left ventricle per minute. Stroke volume is the volume of blood pushed out of the left ventricle per contraction of the heart (each heart beat). So stroke volume into heart rate / minute gives you cardiac output.
Lowers stroke volume
Volume and Time
cardiac output
varible?
Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume Thus, if the heart rate decreases so will the cardiac output, assuming the stroke volume is constant.
these factors can increase central venous pressure: decreased cardiac output, increased blood volume, venous constriction,forced expiration, muscle contraction
cardiac output is heart rate multiplied by stroke volume,
It's decreased ... unless the rate falls, which is the normal cardiac response.
Cardiac out put is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Cardiac output is a function of heart rate and stroke volume. The heart rate is simply the number of heart beats per minute. The stroke volume is the volume of blood, in milliliters pumped out of the heart with each beat. Increasing either heart rate or stroke volume increases cardiac output.
A good rule of thumb is to check the output of any filter you may consider. For most fresh water conditions I would want the filter to turn over the volume of the tank at least hourly. For marines I would want double.