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The vena cava are two sets of veins: the superior vena cava, and the inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava is the longest vein in the body.

The superior vena cava mainly (by volume) brings deoxygenated blood from regions of the body above/at the level of the heart & the arms. The azygous vein anastomoses with the superior vena cava, and thus the superior vena cava receives blood from both sides of the posterior wall of the thorax, via the azygous vein and hemiazygous vein.

In some individuals anastomoses may occur between the azygous & hemiazyous vein with the right & left renal veins, respectively, and/or the inferor vena cava. Therefore blood returning to the heart via the abdomen or kidneys may also pass through the superior vana cava to the heart. The inferor vena cava returns blood, mainly from the level below the diaphragm down to the feet, to the heart.

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