Anti M antibodies can cause anemia in the mother or infant. This is a worse case scenario. Usually, the antibodies ae too large to cross over into the placenta. Antibodies levels will likely be tested monthly and a MCA Doppler ultrasound to check the baby for anemia. A blood transfusion(s) may have to be done in utero or immediately following birth.
Anti-E antibodies are acquired through exposure to foreign RBC antigens during pregnancy, blood transfusions, or organ transplants. These antibodies develop in response to incompatible red blood cell antigens of the Rh system, such as the D antigen. Anti-E is one of the many possible Rh antibodies that can be produced.
no
no
If the mother is o- and its a first pregnancy then there are rarely any complications. Its during subsequent pregnancies when problems arise. If its a first pregnancy with an rh- mother then get all the info you can about an anti d injection and all the times you need to have it which is not only during pregnancy, its any time rh+ blood can mix with rh- blood and cause antibodies.
Not all people have ABO antibodies. Individuals with type A blood have anti-B antibodies, those with type B blood have anti-A antibodies, and those with type AB blood have neither. Type O blood individuals possess both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. However, the presence of these antibodies is specific to the blood type of the individual.
Blood Type 'O': Red Blood cells have neither A-antigen, nor B-antigen but generates both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies - Blood Type 'A': Red blood cells have the A-antigen which generates the Anti-B antibodies Blood Type 'B': Red blood cells have the B-antigen and generate Anti-A antibodies The lack of antigen explains why Type "O" can safely donate to Type "A" and Type "B". The Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies generated by Type "O" is the reason "O" cannot receive donations from Type "A" or Type "B".
Anti-venene is made by injecting a small amount of the venom in question into an animal. That animal produces antibodies to fight the venom. The blood of the animal is then drawn out and the antibodies extracted. These antibodies are the anti-venene.
To determine the blood types of the four samples, I applied my understanding of agglutination reactions involving anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies. By mixing each blood sample with these antibodies, I observed whether agglutination occurred. If a sample clumped with anti-A antibodies, it indicated the presence of A antigens, while clumping with anti-B indicated B antigens. Additionally, if agglutination occurred with anti-Rh antibodies, it confirmed the presence of the Rh factor, allowing me to accurately classify the blood types.
Interleukin
Yes. Blood group O has naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B.
As Blood type O contains Anti-A-Antibodies and Anti-B-Antibodies (not Antigens) Anti-A-Serum contains Anti-A-Antibodies (which reacts with A antigen not antibody) Anti-B-Serum contains Anti-B-Antibodies (which reacts with B antigen not antibody) so antibody in antiserum will not find any antigen in blood-group O to react with so no Clumping
Blood types that produce anti-B antibodies include type A and type O. Individuals with type A blood have A antigens and produce anti-B antibodies, while those with type O blood lack A and B antigens and produce both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Therefore, only blood types A and O can produce the antibodies against type B antigens.