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Where in the cell cycle could scientists target anticancer drugs?
Most anticancer drugs such as the antimetabolites. alkalating agents and platinum based drugs target the S-phase of the cell cycle ( DNA replication/synthesis phase) Other drugs like the antimicrotubules target the G2-M phase of the cell cycle
What drugs specifically targets cell walls that contain arabinogalactan-mycolic acid?
Drugs such as isoniazid and ethambutol specifically target cell walls containing arabinogalactan-mycolic acid in mycobacteria by inhibiting enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. These drugs are commonly used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
How do you stop protein synthesis?
Protein synthesis can be stopped by blocking translation, primarily by inhibiting the functions of ribosomes or tRNA molecules in the cell. For example, antibiotics like puromycin can prematurely terminate protein synthesis by mimicking the structure of aminoacyl-tRNA and binding to the A site on the ribosome. Additionally, certain drugs or compounds can target key components of the translation machinery to halt protein synthesis.
Is sulfa a beta-lactam?
No, sulfa drugs are not beta-lactams. Sulfa drugs, or sulfonamides, are a class of antibiotics that contain a sulfonamide group, and they work by inhibiting bacterial folic acid synthesis. Beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin and cephalosporins, have a characteristic beta-lactam ring in their structure and target bacterial cell wall synthesis. Thus, they belong to different classes with distinct mechanisms of action.
The antibiotic streptomycin prevents protein synthesis in prokaryotes Which cell component is the most likely target of this antibiotic?
The ribosomes are the most likely target of streptomycin in prokaryotes. Streptomycin interferes with the function of the bacterial ribosome, specifically the 30S subunit, disrupting protein synthesis and leading to cell death.
A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by?
binding to a specific receptor located inside the cell. This hormone-receptor complex then enters the nucleus and binds to specific DNA sequences, regulating the expression of target genes. This can lead to changes in protein synthesis and cellular function in the target cell.
What is the science relevent to antibiotics?
Antibiotics are medications that target and kill bacteria to treat infections. The science behind antibiotics involves understanding how these drugs disrupt bacterial cell functions, such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis or protein production. It is important to use antibiotics judiciously to prevent antibiotic resistance, which occurs when bacteria develop the ability to survive exposure to these drugs.
Antibacterial drugs that inhibits cell wall synthesis?
Penicillin destroys cell walls of bacteria by interfering with the formation of Peptide cross-bridges of peptidoglycan to prevent the formation of an active cell wall.
Why antibiotics are not useful against dormant bacteria?
Antibiotics target actively dividing bacteria by interfering with processes such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or DNA replication. Dormant bacteria, however, are in a metabolically inactive state and do not undergo these processes, rendering antibiotics ineffective. Additionally, dormant bacteria can enter a persister cell state, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatment and potentially reactivate later, leading to persistent infections.
Why do antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis have a high specificity and are more likely to be low in toxicity to host organisms?
They have a high specificity because the main target with regard to bacterial cell wall synthesis is peptidoglycan. This is not endogenous to humans and thus drugs which interfere with cell wall synthesis in bacteria are rather specific. The normal types of drugs that act in this way are penicillins or beta lactam drugs. They are bacteriocidal as they break down cell walls of existing bacteria. There exact mechanism of action is; they bind to the binding sites on bacterium and inhibit the transpeptidation enzyme that cross links the peptide chains attached to the backbone of the peptidoglycan. Penicillins can however cause some side effects and are not completely without toxicity (n.b. anaphalatic shock). Resistance caused by beta lactamase enzymes is of great prevalance nowadays and to get around this combination drugs which incorporate beta lactamase inhibitors as well as penicllin are used. e.g. augmentin = amoxycillin + clavulamic acid
What kind of drugs can kill bacteria?
Antibiotics are drugs that can kill bacteria by targeting specific mechanisms within the bacterial cell, such as disrupting cell wall synthesis or inhibiting protein synthesis. Common classes of antibiotics include penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. It's important to use antibiotics appropriately and as prescribed by a healthcare professional to avoid resistance and side effects.
Is cytoplasm the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes found in the cell.
