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He first won a battle in Asia Minor, and executed the Greek mercenaries in Persia's employ to warn others off this service. This deprived Persia of a source of armoured warriors to match the Macedonian/Greek ones.

He then captured the port cities in the eastern Mediterranean, depriving the Persians of a navy which could attack Greece in Alexander's rear.

He then defeated the Persians in a land battle at Issus which demoralised the Persians and facilitated his destruction of the Persian army at Gaugamela. Darius' demoralised generals assassinated him, hoping to cut a deal with Alexander.

Thereafter coordinated Persian resistance collapsed and he was able to pick off the remaining provinces one at a time.

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