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After the partial failure of his punitive expedition of 490 BCE against Eretria (captured, inhabitants enslaved) and Athens (turned back at Marathon and in front of the city), Darius determined to bring mainland Greece within his empire. The mainland cities had been supporting revolts by the Greek cities within his empire (esp Athens and Eretria) and he thought that by absorbing mainland Greece, he would establish an ethnic frontier in the west.

He therefore determined to bring whatever cities he could under his rule peacefully (by bribes, and promise to make a faction in a city, rulers under his rule). Those who resisted would be captured, and rulers imposed on them.

He was temporarily diverted by an uprising in Egypt, and then died without launching the expedition. His son Xerxes began to carry it out in 480 BCE.

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