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Mikhail Gorbachev's policies, particularly glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), aimed to reform the stagnant Soviet economy and promote political transparency. Glasnost allowed for greater freedom of expression and reduced censorship, leading to increased public discourse and criticism of the government. Perestroika sought to decentralize the economy and introduce market-like reforms, but these changes also exposed the weaknesses of the Soviet system, ultimately contributing to its collapse. Gorbachev's efforts unintentionally accelerated the disintegration of the Soviet Union, culminating in its dissolution in 1991.

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