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Spain administered its colonies in the New World through a centralized system that included viceroys, who acted as royal governors, overseeing vast territories. The colonies were divided into administrative units called viceroyalties, each with its own capital. The Spanish Crown implemented the encomienda system, which granted colonists the right to extract labor and tribute from Indigenous peoples. Additionally, the Catholic Church played a significant role in governance and cultural assimilation, establishing missions to convert and educate Indigenous populations.

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