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An "ace" is a fighter pilot who shoots down 5 enemy aircraft during aerial combat.

Each country had a slightly different set of rules for claiming an enemy aircraft "kill". For example, the rule may require that another pilot or person on the ground witness the event. Or some will allow two pilots take share the credit for a kill, thus each would get credit for 1/2. In World War 2, some U.S. commands also credited aircraft destroyed on the ground as equal to aerial victories. Soviets distinguished between solo and group kills, as did the Japanese.

The Allies (US) began to mount gun cameras on the aircraft that could help confirm an enemy aircraft shot down. Of course, if the enemy a/c dove out of the camera range before exploding then it was still in doubt.

During World War 1, the "Blue Max" was awarded to German pilots upon downing 8 enemy aircraft. That number was later raised, so that a pilot became an "ace" first and then later received the Blue Max.

Also in World War 1, some pilots would fly solo sorties. So, to ensure they would get credit for an enemy aircraft, sometimes they landed and cut the tail number off of the downed aircraft in order to validate their claim.

AppendixGerman "aces" were called "experts" or Experten. Only single air-victories were attributed (and only if somebody else could affirm it). This is a "by the way..." remark. Just because the best German experts scored much more victories than any other pilot of any other nation (I counted the Austrian Nowotny in this case as German), i.e. E. Hartmann (352 victories), G. Barkhorn (301), G. Rall (275), etc, etc, etc, ... about 100 pilots scoring more than 100 victories at least.
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