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Renaissance means rebirth and refers to a rebirth of interest in the classics (Roman and Greeks) after centuries of no interest in this. it started in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe.

In Italy a revival in interest in the Romans developed because of a host of factors:

1) During the 12th century the Italian cities gained independence from the German emperor. They developed into independent city-states and needed a model to develop their self-governance. They turned to the arrangements of the Roman Republic for inspiration.

2) With the rediscovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) also dubbed Justinian Code (which was the most comprehensive compendium of Roman civil law) in a library in Pisa in 1070, the law of the Italian city-states came to be based on Roman law. This work became the foundation of law studies in European, especially Italian, universities. It created a lot of interest in Roman law.

3) In the 14th century Petrarch, the father of Humanism, advocated that the education of the elites should be based on the study of Latin literature and rhetoric to promote a civic and cultivated spirit. This model of education developed into the established system in Italy, and stimulated an interest in Roman literature and history.

4) Italian humanist scholars acquired an antiquarian spirit and travelled to the monasteries and abbeys of Europe to search for Roman manuscripts.

5) Italian Sculptors and painters in the 14th century began to look at Roman sculpture as a model to depict realistic and expressive depictions of Jesus' bodily suffering and 15th century art teachers developed an antiquarian interest.

6) In 1414 the Florentine humanist Poggio Bracciolini discovered De architectura, a textbook on Roman architecture and engineering by Vitruvius. The architect Leon Battista Alberti made this work widely known in his seminal treatise on architecture De re aedificatoria in 1450. This created almost an obsession with Roman architecture.

6) The interest in Romans art was further stimulated by the rediscovery of amazing Roman statues during the redevelopment of Rome in the early 16th century. These statues were keenly studied by Renaissance painters and sculptors, including Michelangelo.

Greek writings and their knowledge were preserved in Greece in the Byzantine period. Few Latin translations of Greek works survived in the west and knowledge of the Greek language had waned. In 1397 the Florentine humanist Coluccio Salutati invited the Byzantine scholar Manuel Chysoloras to Florence in to teach Greek to a select group of scholars. Interest in the Greeks increased after the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Greek scholars fled to Italy and taught Greek and Greek science and philosophy.

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How were the writers of the Renaissance influenced by the writers of Ancient Greece and Rome?

Renaissance writers were profoundly influenced by Ancient Greek and Roman literature, philosophy, and rhetoric, leading to a revival of classical themes and styles. They drew inspiration from the humanism of Greek and Roman texts, emphasizing the importance of individual experience and reason. This admiration for classical antiquity encouraged the exploration of secular subjects alongside traditional religious themes, fostering a rich literary culture that celebrated human potential and achievement. Authors like Petrarch and Erasmus directly referenced classical works, reshaping contemporary literature through the lens of ancient wisdom.


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Why do you think classical works were largely ignored during the middle ages?

That is a false premise, since classical works were regularly studied by anyone who received an education (meaning mainly churchmen). The fact is that not many people got any kind of education (meaning learning Latin), so naturally the percentage studying classical writers was far smaller than in later times. The 12th century writer Gerald of Wales had an extensive knowledge of classical authors, whom he often quoted in his own books on the history and topography Wales and Ireland; the writer and observer Alexander Nekham was very familiar with the works of Homer, Ovid, Cicero and Plato. A 12th century medieval song familiar to most students of the time speaks of Holy Days as times when they could "forget the works of Ovid". Reading the classical authors was part of life for all monks and nuns in monasteries.

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