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The medieval popes had a series of problems with monarchs who wanted to take some of the power of the Church. There were three major issues. One of these was that the Church owned a huge amount of land, and did not pay taxes on it. Another was that the clergy had a benefit, called benefit of clergy, which freed them from secular courts; if a clergyman was accused of a crime, he would be tried by the Church rather than an ordinary court. Also, the kings wanted control over who was made bishops in the cathedrals of their countries.

In the conflicts that arose over these issues, kings and emperors were subject to excommunication. When a king was excommunicated, the people who had obligations to him were often freed of those obligations. People who made oaths of loyalty were excused from those oaths. Countries that had treaties were excused of those treaties. The result was that a powerful leader could suddenly find himself without much of the support he was used to. King John of England, his father King Henry II, and Emperor Henry IV all suffered from problems from excommunication.

There are links below to articles dealing with excommunicated monarchs.

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