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Fields needed water even after the annual flooding of the Nile, so irrigation was vital. Special channels and ditches were dug to ensure that river water could reach all the fields.

Farmers did not need to apply fertilizers to the soil because the annual floods deposited quantities of chemicals and nitrogen which acted as natural fertilizers.

An ancient text used in scribal schools gives us an idea of the work involved: "When the farmer returns to his fields he finds them in good condition. He spends hours ploughing and the worms are already waiting."

Simple tools were used: the hoe for breaking up the soil, the simple wooden plough, a wooden sickle with flint blades set into it, stone axes, shovels, pitchforks, rakes, bags and nets of plant fibres, leather or canvas sacks, wooden tubs and cords for measuring fields.

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13y ago

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