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The Roman Empire was never split. Eastern and Western Roman Empire are terms which have been invented by historians. The Romans had only one term: Roman Empire.

Diocletian created a co-emperorship with himself in charge of the eastern part and his fellow general Maximian in charge of the western part. He also established Milan as the imperial capital in the west and Nicomedia, in northwestern Turkey, as the imperial capital in the east (Constantine I then moved this capital to the nearby Constantinople). He did this to share the responsibility of defending the vast frontiers of the empire which were under constant attack at very distant points and improve the efficiency of this defence. The new imperial capitals were closer to the frontiers than Rome. Diocletian stressed that the empire was indivisible.

What Diocletian did was not totally new. There had already been periods of co-emperorship previously. There had been emperors who had shared the title with their sons, with one taking charge of the east and the other in charge of the west. The purpose of this was the same: improving the defence of the frontiers. Diocletian added new imperial capitals

After Diocletian there were alternations of periods of co-emperorships and periods with a sole emperor. The latter shows clearly that the empire was not split.

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