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Gettysburg is only about ten miles north of the southern border of Pennsylvania, and maybe fifty miles across Maryland from the nearest point in Virginia as the crow flies.

The Confederates had a much longer way to go though, on the campaign which led them to Gettysburg. When they set out for Pennsylvania the Confederates left their camps at Chancellorsville, just west of Fredericksburg, Virginia. This was about sixty miles south of Washington DC, and maybe 125 miles on a straight line from Gettysburg. The Confederates did not proceed on a straight course to Gettysburg, however. They first moved northwest, crossing the Bull Run Mountains into the Shenandoah Valley, then northeast down the Valley to the Potomac at Harper's Ferry and vicinity. Some Confederates were already in Pennsylvania before the last of them left their camps near Fredericksburg. Once in Pennsylvania the Confederates were considerably spread out. Lee's Army contained three corps, and the Second Corps was on the west bank of the Susquehanna River looking across at the state capital, Harrisburg, when the battle of Gettysburg began. Thus, the Second Corps marched south and arrived at the battle from the north, to the great surprise of the Union forces. The other Confederates had come to Gettysburg from the west, along the route of present US Highway 30, from Cashtown, then known as the Cashtown Pike.

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