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During the retaliation for the first U.S. attack on the Japanese homeland, known as the Doolittle Raid in April 1942, the exact number of Chinese casualties is difficult to determine. However, it is estimated that around 250,000 Chinese civilians were affected, with thousands killed as a result of Japanese reprisals against those who assisted the American forces. The reprisals included massacres, arson, and other brutal actions against the Chinese population in areas that supported the raid.

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