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There were four border (or 'buffer') states - Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland and Delaware. This meant slave-states that had voted not to join the Confederacy, and remained loyal or neutral throughout the war.

For the first year, the District of Columbia also technically qualified as a border state, before the Congress and Lincoln abolished slavery there.

In 1863, the Western counties of Virginia which had broken away from the Confederacy early in the war joined the Union as a new state, West Virginia. As there was still some slavery there, it could qualify as a border state too.

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There were 430,929 slaves in the Border States.


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