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Briefly.

It started with abraham working out that there is only one source to the universe despite the polytheistic and pagan philosophies believed at that time. Then God revealed Himself to abraham and said that a great nation will descend from him (all this around 1800 bce).

After a few generations the one branch of his descendants (through his son isaac and grandson jacob) ended up in Egypt. They were called the sons of Israel (or israelites), because they were all descendants of jacob who was also called israel. They were enslaved there for a couple of hundred years. Then God told moses (great great grandson of jacob) to tell the egyptian pharaoh to let the israelites go. After the pharaoh's refusal, God then brought ten miraculous plagues on the egyptians, and eventually the israelites were allowed to leave.

A month and a half later they arrived at mount sinai, where God spoke directly to the israelite nation, and gave them the ten commandments. He told them that they were the nation he has chosen to fulfill his purpose in the world, and to be a light to the other nations of the world. This happened in 1312 bce.

This is essentially the history of the roots of the jewish religion.

(The name jewish only came along later in about the year 350bce which means descendant of judah - the 4th son of jacob. this replaced the name israelite but the people are the same.)

Answer:

See the following:

http://Judaism.answers.com/jewish-history/timeline-of-jewish-history

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