* Banned from most occupations (in many European countries). * Forced by law to live in walled ghettos (again in many countries). * In some parts of Europe they had to wear a distinctive yellow or red badge on their outermost clothes. * They were banned from public office throughout Europe. * In some places, especially in the late Middle Ages, they had to wear grotesque items of clothing, such as conical yellow hats. * From time to time, they were accused of committing 'ritual murders' and could not expect a fair trial in such cases.
Poland
Poland - apex
jews.
They were persecuted in Western Europe and moved eastwards to Poland, which was very tolerant in the Middle Ages and early modern times.
its called the haulacost
jews
Jews
Theodore L. Steinberg has written: 'Jews and Judaism in the Middle Ages' -- subject(s): History, Intellectual life, Jews, Judaism 'Reading the Middle Ages' -- subject(s): History and criticism, Medieval Literature 'Jews and Judaism in the Middle Ages (Praeger Series on the Middle Ages)'
Poland
The Jews
Poland
Poland - apex
jews.
Since the Middle Ages, at least.
heretics, moors, and jews
Precarious in many countries.
The kings arrested all English Jews and forced them to leave the country