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It was not peaceful (I don't think any colonization was peaceful). The French bombarded Vietnamese harbors in the late 1850's, and captured Saigon in 1859. In 1862, the French forced the Vietnamese royal court to sign the Treaty of Saigon, which ceded three southern Vietnamese provinces to France. France established the colony of Cochinchina (southern Vietnam) in 1867. Over the next 30 years, France absorbed northern Vietnam (1884), Cambodia (1887) and Laos (1893) into its Indochina colonial empire. In their policy of colonial control, the French allowed the Vietnamese monarchy to exist as a puppet government. However, there was intermittent, low-level guerrilla resistance against the French throughout the colonial years. This mostly took the form of sporadic attacks on tax collectors and other Vietnameee officials that were viewed as complicit with the French. There were a couple notable revolts, such as in 1910 and again in 1931, but they were crushed by the French. It wasn't until after WWII in 1945 that Vietnamese rebels (communists & nationlists) started large-scale rebellion against French forces. The French withdrew in 1955-56.

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American society has been profoundly shaped by exploration and colonization through the blending of diverse cultures, languages, and traditions. Indigenous peoples' practices and beliefs merged with those of European settlers, leading to a unique cultural landscape characterized by a fusion of art, cuisine, and customs. Additionally, the colonization process introduced concepts of governance, land ownership, and economic systems that have continued to evolve. The legacy of this complex history is evident in contemporary American identity, which reflects both its indigenous roots and colonial past.


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European colonization had profound and devastating effects on Native American populations, including the introduction of diseases that decimated communities, as they had no immunity to illnesses like smallpox and influenza. Colonizers often displaced tribes from their ancestral lands through violent conquest and treaties that were frequently broken. Additionally, Europeans imposed their cultural, social, and economic structures, leading to significant disruption of Native American ways of life. This colonization process also involved the exploitation of resources and forced labor, further marginalizing indigenous peoples.

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