Were Irish Americans affected by dual labor markets environmental justice issues affirmative action red lining double jeopardy institutional discrimination reverse discrimination and glass ceilings?

Answer 1

I believe yes they were subject to some of these forms of discrimination. When the Irish first immigrated to the United States, they were stuck living in basements with no proper ventilation and no sewage drainage. In fact, they were living in the sewage drainage. They were urinating in buckets. The Irish were forced to work as hard laborers as many productive high paying jobs had signs on their windows stating "No Irish Need Apply." The Irish were originally considered the lowest of any race living in America. They were placed even lower than the slaves in the beginning. Irish Americans were forced to work hard labor jobs such as building railroads, and when they were laid off, they developed their own discrimination for Chinese workers. They did this because the Chinese workers were willing to work for lower pay, which enticed the railroad companies to keep them on and dismiss the Irish workers. The Irish developed a revolt against the Chinese because they felt if they killed them off, it would open the doors back up for their jobs to be given back to them. The Irish suffered greatly in the beginning, most of them coming to America already impoverished, and came here only to find themselves still struggling. It took the Irish sticking together and working together to move up the ladder. It wasn't until one of their own became President, John F. Kennedy, that they were able to truly pull themselves out of the muck. Yes, the Irish had to go through horrible discrimination, but this only made them stronger and helped them rise to the top of the economic ladder.